Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Personalized Treatment of Pain

  • CHRONIC PAIN (LJ CROFFORD, SECTION EDITOR)
  • Published:
Current Rheumatology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite advances made in its understanding and treatment, chronic pain remains an unsolved and all too common problem. One of the main obstacles to successful management of pain is the high variability of many patients regarding both response to treatment and susceptibility to adverse effects, which curtails the utility of therapeutic intervention. Understanding the causes of this variability is an important challenge which may lead to a new era in rational pain management. As described in this review, however, there currently seems to be more than one possible explanation of this variability. Rational personalized pain management must take into consideration both ever-increasing knowledge of pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics and a broad, clinically based attitude incorporating co-morbidities, both physical and psychiatric, and concomitant medications. Novel models for testing in-vivo pain processing, for example assessment of conditioned pain modulation (CPM), are also promising approaches to use of rational data for empirical treatment of pain. Last, listening to the patient and understanding the context in which pain has affected his or her life is an important part of maintaining the personal nature of therapeutic interaction with patients suffering from pain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Yunus MB. Fibromyalgia and overlapping disorders: the unifying concept of central sensitivity syndromes. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;36(6):339–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sessle BJ. Peripheral and central mechanisms of orofacial inflammatory pain. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2011;97:179–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Verne GN, Price DD. Irritable bowel syndrome as a common precipitant of central sensitization. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002;4(4):322–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Staud R. Evidence for shared pain mechanisms in osteoarthritis, low back pain, and fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011;13(6):513–20. A recent review clarifying the overlap between seemingly disconnected aspects of chronic pain.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lee YC, Nassikas NJ, Clauw DJ. The role of the central nervous system in the generation and maintenance of chronic pain in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(2):211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Clauw DJ, Witter J. Pain and rheumatology: thinking outside the joint. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(2):321–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Abou-Raya S, Abou-Raya A, Helmii M. Duloxetine for the management of pain in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2012. [Epub ahead of print]. Well conducted recent study demonstrating the efficacy of an SNRI in a traditional “nociceptive” pain condition.

  8. Ivanova JI, Birnbaum HG, Kantor E, Schiller M, Swindle RW. Duloxetine use in chronic low back pain: treatment patterns and costs. PharmacoEconomics. 2012;30(7):595–609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wolfe F. Fibromyalgianess. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(6):715–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Cochran KA, Cavallari LH, Shapiro NL, Bishop JR. Bleeding incidence with concomitant use of antidepressants and warfarin. Ther Drug Monit. 2011;33(4):433–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Eisinger J. Dysautonomia, fibromyalgia and reflex dystrophy. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9(4):105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F, Diana A, Doria A, Furlan R. Increased neural sympathetic activation in fibromyalgia syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1069:109–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ursini F, Naty S, Grembiale RD. Fibromyalgia and obesity: the hidden link. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31(11):1403–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Giesecke T, Williams DA, Harris RE, Cupps TR, Tian X, Tian TX, et al. Subgrouping of fibromyalgia patients on the basis of pressure-pain thresholds and psychological factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(10):2916–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Edwards RR, Bingham III CO, Bathon J, Haythornthwaite JA. Catastrophizing and pain in arthritis, fibromyalgia, and other rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55(2):325–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Thorn BE, Pence LB, Ward LC, Kilgo G, Clements KL, Cross TH, et al. A randomized clinical trial of targeted cognitive behavioral treatment to reduce catastrophizing in chronic headache sufferers. J Pain. 2007;8(12):938–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Simon GE, Savarino J, Operskalski B, Wang PS. Suicide risk during antidepressant treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(1):41–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Mercadante S, Bruera E. Opioid switching: a systematic and critical review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2006;32(4):304–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Riley J, Ross JR, Rutter D, Wells AU, Goller K, Du BR, et al. No pain relief from morphine? Individual variation in sensitivity to morphine and the need to switch to an alternative opioid in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2006;14(1):56–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Branford R, Droney J, Ross J. Opioid genetics: the key to personalized pain control? Clin Genet. 2012;1399–1404. A comprehensive up-to-date review of the topic of opioid pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics.

  21. Leandro-Garcia LJ, Leskela S, Montero-Conde C, Landa I, Lopez-Jimenez E, Leton R, et al. Determination of CYP2D6 gene copy number by multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis. Anal Biochem. 2009;389(1):74–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Johansson I, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Genetic polymorphism and toxicology–with emphasis on cytochrome p450. Toxicol Sci. 2011;120(1):1–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Stamer UM, Zhang L, Stuber F. Personalized therapy in pain management: where do we stand? Pharmacogenomics. 2010;11(6):843–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Stamer UM, Stuber F. Codeine and tramadol analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects are influenced by CYP2D6 genotype. Anaesthesia. 2007;62(12):1294–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Stamer UM, Lehnen K, Hothker F, Bayerer B, Wolf S, Hoeft A, et al. Impact of CYP2D6 genotype on postoperative tramadol analgesia. Pain. 2003;105(1–2):231–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang W, Yuan JJ, Kan QC, Zhang LR, Chang YZ, Wang ZY, et al. Influence of CYP3A5*3 polymorphism and interaction between CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*1 G polymorphisms on post-operative fentanyl analgesia in Chinese patients undergoing gynaecological surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28(4):245–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou F, Zheng Y, Zhu X. Human pregnane X receptor-mediated transcriptional regulation of CYP3A4 by extracts of 7 traditional Chinese medicines. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2011;36(11):1524–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tournier N, Decleves X, Saubamea B, Scherrmann JM, Cisternino S. Opioid transport by ATP-binding cassette transporters at the blood–brain barrier: implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(26):2829–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Campa D, Gioia A, Tomei A, Poli P, Barale R. Association of ABCB1/MDR1 and OPRM1 gene polymorphisms with morphine pain relief. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;83(4):559–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Klepstad P, Rakvag TT, Kaasa S, Holthe M, Dale O, Borchgrevink PC, et al. The 118 A > G polymorphism in the human mu-opioid receptor gene may increase morphine requirements in patients with pain caused by malignant disease. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48(10):1232–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ross JR, Rutter D, Welsh K, Joel SP, Goller K, Wells AU, et al. Clinical response to morphine in cancer patients and genetic variation in candidate genes. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005;5(5):324–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ali ZK, Kim RJ, Ysla FM. CYP2C9 polymorphisms: considerations in NSAID therapy. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2009;12(1):108–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Scordo MG, Spina E, Dahl ML, Gatti G, Perucca E. Influence of CYP2C9, 2C19 and 2D6 genetic polymorphisms on the steady-state plasma concentrations of the enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;97(5):296–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Brosen K. Some aspects of genetic polymorphism in the biotransformation of antidepressants. Therapie. 2004;59(1):5–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. LLerena A, Dorado P, Berecz R, Gonzalez AP, Penas-LLedo EM. Effect of CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 genotypes on fluoxetine and norfluoxetine plasma concentrations during steady-state conditions. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;59(12):869–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Yoshida K, Takahashi H, Higuchi H, Kamata M, Ito K, Sato K, et al. Prediction of antidepressant response to milnacipran by norepinephrine transporter gene polymorphisms. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(9):1575–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. McAlpine DE, Biernacka JM, Mrazek DA, O’Kane DJ, Stevens SR, Langman LJ, et al. Effect of cytochrome P450 enzyme polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine. Ther Drug Monit. 2011;33(1):14–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Zubieta JK, Heitzeg MM, Smith YR, Bueller JA, Xu K, Xu Y, et al. COMT val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor. Science. 2003;299(5610):1240–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Martinez-Jauand M, Sitges C, Rodriguez V, Picornell A, Ramon M, Buskila D et al. Pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia is associated with catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene. Eur J Pain 2012

  40. Yarnitsky D, Granot M, Nahman-Averbuch H, Khamaisi M, Granovsky Y. Conditioned pain modulation predicts duloxetine efficacy in painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain. 2012;153(6):1193–8. A novel study demonstrating the efficacy of CPM measurement in predicting the response to SNRI treatment.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pud D, Granovsky Y, Yarnitsky D. The methodology of experimentally induced diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC)-like effect in humans. Pain. 2009;144(1–2):16–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lev R, Granovsky Y, Yarnitsky D. Orbitofrontal disinhibition of pain in migraine with aura: an interictal EEG-mapping study. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(8):910–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Julien N, Goffaux P, Arsenault P, Marchand S. Widespread pain in fibromyalgia is related to a deficit of endogenous pain inhibition. Pain. 2005;114(1–2):295–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kosek E, Ordeberg G. Lack of pressure pain modulation by heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation in patients with painful osteoarthritis before, but not following, surgical pain relief. Pain. 2000;88(1):69–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Murray M. Narrative psychology. In: Smith JA, editor. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. London: Sage; 2008. p. 111–32.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Elliott J. Using narrative in social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. London: Sage; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  47. McMahon L, Murray C, Simpson J. The potential benefits of applying a narrative analytic approach for understanding the experience of fibromyalgia: a review. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34(13):1121–30. Recent and up-to-date coverage of the narrative approach.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclosure

Dr Ablin has served as a consultant for, received research grant support from, received payment for development of educational presentations (including service on speakers’ bureaus) from, and had travel and accommodations expenses covered and reimbursed by Pfizer. Dr Buskila reported no potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacob N. Ablin.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Chronic Pain

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ablin, J.N., Buskila, D. Personalized Treatment of Pain. Curr Rheumatol Rep 15, 298 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-012-0298-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-012-0298-7

Keywords

Navigation