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Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Narrative Review of Biological Mechanisms, Treatments, and Outcomes

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous and complex neurodevelopmental disorder related to disruptions in various neuronal structures and pathways, dopamine (DA) transporter, and receptor genes, resulting in cognitive and regulation deficits. This article reviews recent research on the biological mechanisms and markers, clinical manifestations, treatments, and outcomes of adult ADHD as well as current controversies within the field.

Recent Findings

New research identifies white matter disruptions in multiple cortical pathways in adults with ADHD. New treatments for ADHD in adults such as viloxazine ER have shown preliminary effectiveness in addition to research showing transcranial direct current stimulation can be an effective treatment for adults with ADHD.

Summary

Although questions exist about the effectiveness of current assessments of and treatments for adult ADHD, recent findings represent a step towards improving the quality of life and outcomes for individuals experiencing this life-long, chronic health condition.

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Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

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  1. Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychological Sciences Building, 2700 18th St, Lubbock, TX, 79410, USA

    Antonio F. Pagán, Yazmine P. Huizar, Tucker R. Short, Zoe Gotcher & Adam T. Schmidt

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  1. Antonio F. Pagán
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  2. Yazmine P. Huizar
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  3. Tucker R. Short
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Correspondence to Antonio F. Pagán.

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Pagán, A.F., Huizar, Y.P., Short, T.R. et al. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Narrative Review of Biological Mechanisms, Treatments, and Outcomes. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 23, 451–460 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-023-01280-4

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