Abstract
We examined whether training in both the verbal and nonverbal indicators of truth telling and lying would have positive effects on Law Enforcement Officers’ (LEOs) ability to evaluate truths from lies. College course-level training on empirically validated verbal and nonverbal indicators of truth telling and lying was provided to mid- to advanced-career level LEOs, whose accuracy in detecting lies from truths was assessed pre- and post-training using truthful and deceptive videos of mock crimes and opinions. A marginally significant truth bias existed at pre-test; training, however, resulted in a significant improvement in accuracy rates for both truth and lie videos, and the truth bias that existed at pre-test was eliminated. Additional analyses indicated that accuracy rates improved for videos of mock crimes but not for opinions. These findings add to a small but growing literature that indicates that training on validated verbal and nonverbal indicators of truth telling and lying has positive benefits.
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Notes
For the Crime videos the questions were: (1) Can you describe exactly what happened, what you saw and did, when you went in that room? (2) Describe what your thoughts were when you stood in that room and looked in that envelope. (3) Do you know how much money was or was supposed to be in the envelope? (4) Did you take that money from the envelope? (5) Did you bring the money with you into this room? (6) Are you lying to me right now? For the Opinion videos the questions were: (1) What is your opinion on this issue? (2) Why do you believe that? (3) How long have you had this opinion? (4) Did you just make it up a few minutes ago? (5) Are you lying to me now?
The approach that we advocate for the use of behavioral anomalies is compatible with the PEACE model of investigative interviewing. PEACE is an acronym for Preparation and Planning, Engage and Explain, Account, Closure, and Evaluation, and is a set of guidelines for non-confrontational investigative interviewing proposed by the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice in the U.K. in 1993. The PEACE approach minimizes accusatory interrogation tactics that are often adopted if individuals are suspected of lying, as inferences about lying are often associated with inferences about guilt. To be sure, however, the correct interpretation of behavioral anomalies can be used in any investigative interviewing procedure, as they are ultimately used not to draw conclusions about veracity, but instead to draw attention to topics to pursue through more questions (Frank et al. 2006).
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Portions of this report were prepared with the support of research grants FA9550-09-1-0281 and FA9550-11-1-0306 from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.
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Matsumoto, D., Hwang, H.C., Skinner, L.G. et al. Positive Effects in Detecting Lies from Training to Recognize Behavioral Anomalies. J Police Crim Psych 29, 28–35 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-012-9115-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-012-9115-5