Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Shift Work and Obesity Risk—Are There Sex Differences?

  • Obesity (K Gadde and P Singh, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Diabetes Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of review

Shift work is prevalent among the working population and is linked to an array of adverse health outcomes. This review summarizes current evidence on the relation between shift work and risk of obesity, with a particular emphasis on potential sex differences.

Recent findings

Observational data strongly point towards an association between shift work and heightened risk of prevalent and incident obesity, and particularly abdominal obesity. Circadian misalignment and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors are the primary culprits mediating such association. As it pertains to sex differences in the impact of shift work on obesity, few studies have examined this aspect, and findings are conflicting.

Summary

Shift work is an important risk factor for obesity, with likely multiple biological and behavioral mediators. However, whether there is a sex-dependent vulnerability to the obesogenic effects of shift work is unclear. This area presents opportunities for future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Reynolds AC, Paterson JL, Ferguson SA, Stanley D, Wright KP, Dawson D. The shift work and health research agenda: considering changes in gut microbiota as a pathway linking shift work, sleep loss and circadian misalignment, and metabolic disease. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;34:3–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gordon NP, Cleary PD, Parker CE, Czeisler CA. The prevalence and health impact of shiftwork. Am J Public Health. 1986;76:1225–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Johnson L, Tepas D, Colquhoun W, Colligan M (1981) The twenty-four hour workday: proceedings of a symposium on variations in work-sleep schedules. DHHS NIOSH Publ. No 81–127.

  4. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Job flexibilities and work schedules -- 2017–2018 data from the American Time Use Survey. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2019. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/flex2.nr0.htm

  5. Vetter C, Devore EE, Wegrzyn LR, Massa J, Speizer FE, Kawachi I, Rosner B, Stampfer MJ, Schernhammer ES. Association between rotating night shift work and risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA. 2016;315:1726–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Wang X-S, Armstrong MEG, Cairns BJ, Key TJ, Travis RC. Shift work and chronic disease: the epidemiological evidence. Occup Med. 2011;61:78–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Yang X, Di W, Zeng Y, et al. Association between shift work and risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31:2792–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Strohmaier S, Devore EE, Zhang Y, Schernhammer ES. A review of data of findings on night shift work and the development of DM and CVD events: a synthesis of the proposed molecular mechanisms. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18:132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Jørgensen JT, Karlsen S, Stayner L, Hansen J, Andersen ZJ. Shift work and overall and cause-specific mortality in the Danish nurse cohort. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2017;43:117–26.

  10. Su F, Huang D, Wang H, Yang Z. Associations of shift work and night work with risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Sleep Med. 2021;86:90–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity and overweight. 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.

  12. Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2020;360:1–8.

  13. Abdelaal M, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Morbidity and mortality associated with obesity. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5:161–161.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Haslam DW, James WPT. Obesity. The Lancet. 2005;366:1197–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:88.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:13–27.

  17. Singh P, Covassin N, Marlatt K, Gadde KM, Heymsfield SB. Obesity, body composition, and sex hormones: implications for cardiovascular risk. Compr Physiol. 2021;19:2949–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Chang E, Varghese M, Singer K. Gender and sex differences in adipose tissue. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18:69.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mauvais-Jarvis F. Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity. Biol Sex Differ. 2015;6:14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Manson JE, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Prospective study of shift work and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation. 1995;92:3178–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation and Treatment of Obesity in Adults (1998) Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD

  22. Jayedi A, Soltani S, Zargar MS, Khan TA, Shab-Bidar S. Central fatness and risk of all cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 72 prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2020;370:m3324.

  23. Vega GL, Adams-Huet B, Peshock R, Willett D, Shah B, Grundy SM. Influence of body fat content and distribution on variation in metabolic risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4459–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Piché M-E, Tchernof A, Després J-P. Obesity phenotypes, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Circ Res 126:1477–500.

  25. Chen J-D, Lin Y-C, Hsiao S-T. Obesity and high blood pressure of 12-hour night shift female clean-room workers. Chronobiol Int. 2010;27:334–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wyse CA, Celis Morales CA, Graham N, et al. Adverse metabolic and mental health outcomes associated with shiftwork in a population-based study of 277,168 workers in UK biobank. Ann Med. 2017;49:411–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Givens ML, Malecki KC, Peppard PE, Palta M, Said A, Engelman CD, Walsh MC, Nieto FJ. Shiftwork, sleep habits, and metabolic disparities: results from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin. Sleep Health. 2015;1:115–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhao I, Bogossian F, Song S, Turner C. The association between shift work and unhealthy weight: a cross-sectional analysis from the nurses and midwives’ e-cohort study. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53:153–8.

  29. Macagnan J, Pattussi MP, Canuto R, Henn RL, Fassa AG, Olinto MTA. Impact of nightshift work on overweight and abdominal obesity among workers of a poultry processing plant in Southern Brazil. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29:336–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chin DL, Nam S, Lee S-J. Occupational factors associated with obesity and leisure-time physical activity among nurses: a cross sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;57:60–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Gomez-Parra M, Romero-Arrieta L, Vasquez-Trespalacios EM, Palacio-Jaramillo V, Valencia-Martinez A. Association between shift work and being overweight or obese among health care workers in a clinical setting in Medellin, Colombia. Work. 2016;55:635–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bushnell PT, Colombi A, Caruso CC, Tak S. Work schedules and health behavior outcomes at a large manufacturer. Ind Health. 2010;48:395–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Grundy A, Cotterchio M, Kirsh VA, Nadalin V, Lightfoot N, Kreiger N. Rotating shift work associated with obesity in men from northeastern Ontario. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can Res Policy Pract. 2017;37:238–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ramin C, Devore EE, Wang W, Pierre-Paul J, Wegrzyn LR, Schernhammer ES. Night shift work at specific age ranges and chronic disease risk factors. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72:100–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Peplonska B, Bukowska A, Sobala W. Association of rotating night shift work with BMI and abdominal obesity among nurses and midwives. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0133761.

  36. Sun M, Feng W, Wang F, Li P, Li Z, Li M, Tse G, Vlaanderen J, Vermeulen R, Tse LA. Meta-analysis on shift work and risks of specific obesity types. Obes Rev. 2018;19:28–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Marquezea EC, Lemosa LC, Soaresa N, Lorenzi-Filhob G, Morenoa CRC. Weight gain in relation to night work among nurses. Work. 2012;41:2043–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Sakata K, Okubo Y, Oishi M, Tanaka K, Kobayashi E, Kido T, Nogawa K. A longitudinal study on the effect of shift work on weight gain in male Japanese workers. Obesity. 2008;16:1887–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lee G-J, Kim K, Kim S, Kim J-H, Suh C, Son B-C, Lee C-K, Choi J. Effects of shift work on abdominal obesity among 20–39-year-old female nurses: a 5-year retrospective longitudinal study. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2016;28:69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Oberlinner C, Ott MG, Nasterlack M, Yong M, Messerer P, Zober A, Lang S. Medicai program for shift workers - impacts on chronic disease and mortality outcomes. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2009;35:309–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Liu Q, Shi J, Duan P, et al. Is shift work associated with a higher risk of overweight or obesity? A systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47:1956–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Di Tecco C, Fontana L, Adamo G, Petyx M, Iavicoli S. Gender differences and occupational factors for the risk of obesity in the Italian working population. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:706–706.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Geliebter A, Gluck ME, Tanowitz M, Aronoff NJ, Zammit GK. Work-shift period and weight change. Nutrition. 2000;16:27–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Itani O, Yoshitaka K, Atsushi M, Eise Y, Takashi O. Association of onset of obesity with sleep duration and shift work among Japanese adults. Sleep Med. 2011;12:341–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B. Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27,485 people. Occup Environ Med. 2001;58:747–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Pepłońska B, Burdelak W, Krysicka J, Bukowska A, Marcinkiewicz A, Sobala W, Klimecka-Muszyńska D, Rybacki M. Night shift work and modifiable lifestyle factors. Int J Occup Med Env Health. 2014;27:693–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Son M, Ye BJ, Kim J-I, Kang S, Jung K-Y. Association between shift work and obesity according to body fat percentage in Korean wage workers: data from the fourth and the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2008–2011). Ann Occup Environ Med. 2015;27:32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. van Amelsvoort LG, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Duration of shiftwork related to body mass index and waist to hip ratio. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders. J Int Assoc Study Obes. 1999;23:973–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Eckel-Mahan K, Sassone-Corsi P. Metabolism and the Circadian Clock Converge. Physiol Rev. 2013;93:107–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Atger F, Mauvoisin D, Weger B, Gobet C, Gachon F. Regulation of mammalian physiology by interconnected circadian and feeding rhythms. Front Endocrinol. 2017;8:42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Cain SW, Dennison CF, Zeitzer JM, Guzik AM, Khalsa SBS, Santhi N, Schoen MW, Czeisler CA, Duffy JF. Sex differences in phase angle of entrainment and melatonin amplitude in humans. J Biol Rhythms. 2010;25:288–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Duffy JF, Cain SW, Chang A-M, Phillips AJK, Münch MY, Gronfier C, Wyatt JK, Dijk D-J, Wright KP, Czeisler CA. Sex difference in the near-24-hour intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2011;108:15602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Bailey M, Silver R. Sex differences in circadian timing systems: implications for disease. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2014;35:111–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gallegos JV, Boege HL, Zuraikat FM, St-Onge M-P. Does sex influence the effects of experimental sleep curtailment and circadian misalignment on regulation of appetite? Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res. 2021;17:20–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Covassin N, Singh P, Somers VK. Keeping up with the clock. Hypertension. 2016;68:1081–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Owino S, Buonfiglio DDC, Tchio C, Tosini G. Melatonin signaling a key regulator of glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Obayashi K, Saeki K, Iwamoto J, Okamoto N, Tomioka K, Nezu S, Ikada Y, Kurumatani N. Exposure to light at night, nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion, and obesity/dyslipidemia in the elderly: a cross-sectional analysis of the HEIJO-KYO study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:337–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Xu Y, Zhang A, Yu Y, Wan Y, Tao F, Sun Y. Sex-specific association of exposure to bedroom light at night with general and abdominal adiposity in young adults. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;223:112561.

  59. Page AJ, Christie S, Symonds E, Li H. Circadian regulation of appetite and time restricted feeding. Physiol Behav. 2020;220: 112873.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Qian J, Morris CJ, Caputo R, Garaulet M, Scheer FAJL. Ghrelin is impacted by the endogenous circadian system and by circadian misalignment in humans. Int J Obes. 2019;43:1644–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gonnissen HK, Rutters F, Mazuy C, Martens EA, Adam TC, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Effect of a phase advance and phase delay of the 24-h cycle on energy metabolism, appetite, and related hormones. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:689–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Buxton Orfeu M, Cain Sean W, O’Connor Shawn P, Porter James H, Duffy Jeanne F, Wei Wang, Czeisler Charles A, Shea Steven A. Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:129ra43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. McHill AW, Wright KP Jr. Role of sleep and circadian disruption on energy expenditure and in metabolic predisposition to human obesity and metabolic disease. Obes Rev. 2017;18:15–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Qian J, Morris CJ, Caputo R, Wang W, Garaulet M, Scheer FAJL. Sex differences in the circadian misalignment effects on energy regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2019;116:23806.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Kaczmarek JL, Musaad SM, Holscher HD. Time of day and eating behaviors are associated with the composition and function of the human gastrointestinal microbiota. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106:1220–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Thaiss CA, Zeevi D, Levy M, et al. Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis. Cell. 2014;159:514–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science. 2013;341:1241214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Paulose JK, Wright JM, Patel AG, Cassone VM. Human gut bacteria are sensitive to melatonin and express endogenous circadian rhythmicity. PLOS ONE. 2016;11:e0146643.

  69. Teichman EM, O’Riordan KJ, Gahan CGM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. When rhythms meet the blues: circadian interactions with the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Cell Metab. 2020;31:448–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Souza RV, Sarmento RA, de Almeida JC, Canuto R. The effect of shift work on eating habits: a systematic review. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2019;45:7–21.

  71. Gifkins J, Johnston A, Loudoun R. The impact of shift work on eating patterns and self-care strategies utilised by experienced and inexperienced nurses. Chronobiol Int. 2018;35:811–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bonnell EK, Huggins CE, Huggins CT, McCaffrey TA, Palermo C, Bonham MP. Influences on dietary choices during day versus night shift in shift workers: a mixed methods study. Nutrients. 2017;9:193.

  73. Hulsegge G, Proper KI, Loef B, Paagman H, Anema JR, van Mechelen W. The mediating role of lifestyle in the relationship between shift work, obesity and diabetes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2021;94:1287–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Cain SW, Filtness AJ, Phillips CL, Anderson C. Enhanced preference for high-fat foods following a simulated night shift. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2015;41:288–93.

  75. Bonham MP, Bonnell EK, Huggins CE. Energy intake of shift workers compared to fixed day workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chronobiol Int. 2016;33:1086–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. St-Onge M-P, Ard J, Baskin ML, Chiuve SE, Johnson HM, Kris-Etherton P, Varady K. Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135:e96–121.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Chawla S, Beretoulis S, Deere A, Radenkovic D. The window matters: a systematic review of time restricted eating strategies in relation to cortisol and melatonin secretion. Nutrients. 2021;13:2525. 

  78. Wehrens SMT, Christou S, Isherwood C, Middleton B, Gibbs MA, Archer SN, Skene DJ, Johnston JD. Meal timing regulates the human circadian system. Curr Biol. 2017;27:1768-1775.e3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. O’Brien VM, Nea FM, Pourshahidi LK, Livingstone MBE, Bardon L, Kelly C, Kearney JM, Corish CA. Overweight and obesity in shift workers: associated dietary and lifestyle factors. Eur J Public Health. 2020;30:532–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Roskoden FC, Krüger J, Vogt LJ, Gärtner S, Hannich HJ, Steveling A, Lerch MM, Aghdassi AA. Physical activity, energy expenditure, nutritional habits, quality of sleep and stress levels in shift-working health care personnel. PLoS One. 2017;13:2525.

  81. van de Langenberg D, Vlaanderen JJ, Dollé MET, Rookus MA, van Kerkhof LWM, Vermeulen RCH. Diet, physical activity, and daylight exposure patterns in night-shift workers and day workers. Ann Work Expo Health. 2019;63:9–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Farías R, Sepúlveda A, Chamorro R. Impact of shift work on the eating pattern, physical activity and daytime sleepiness among Chilean healthcare workers. Saf Health Work. 2020;11:367–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Feng T, Booth BM, Baldwin-Rodríguez B, Osorno F, Narayanan S. A multimodal analysis of physical activity, sleep, and work shift in nurses with wearable sensor data. Sci Rep. 2021;11:8693.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Yamanaka Y, Hashimoto S, Masubuchi S, Natsubori A, Nishide S, Honma S, Honma K. Differential regulation of circadian melatonin rhythm and sleep-wake cycle by bright lights and nonphotic time cues in humans. Am J Physiol-Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2014;307:R546–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Youngstedt SD, Elliott JA, Kripke DF. Human circadian phase–response curves for exercise. J Physiol. 2019;597:2253–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Baron KG, Reid KJ, Kim T, Van Horn L, Attarian H, Wolfe L, Siddique J, Santostasi G, Zee PC. Circadian timing and alignment in healthy adults: associations with BMI, body fat, caloric intake and physical activity. Int J Obes. 2017;41:203–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kervezee L, Kosmadopoulos A, Boivin DB. Metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of shift work: the role of circadian disruption and sleep disturbances. Eur J Neurosci. 2020;51:396–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Reid KJ, Weng J, Ramos AR, Zee PC, Daviglus M, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Sotres-Alvarez D, Gallo LC, Chirinos DA, Patel SR. Impact of shift work schedules on actigraphy-based measures of sleep in Hispanic workers: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos ancillary Sueño study. Sleep. 2018;41:zsy131.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Cai G-H, Theorell-Haglöw J, Janson C, Svartengren M, Elmståhl S, Lind L, Lindberg E. Insomnia symptoms and sleep duration and their combined effects in relation to associations with obesity and central obesity. Sleep Med. 2018;46:81–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Tan X, Alén M, Cheng SM, et al. Associations of disordered sleep with body fat distribution, physical activity and diet among overweight middle-aged men. J Sleep Res. 2015;24:414–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Luyster FS, Kip KE, Buysse DJ, Aiyer AN, Reis SE, Strollo PJ Jr. Traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors in comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea. Sleep. 2014;37:593–600.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Zhou Q, Zhang M, Hu D. Dose-response association between sleep duration and obesity risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Sleep Breath. 2019;23:1035–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Bacaro V, Ballesio A, Cerolini S, Vacca M, Poggiogalle E, Donini LM, Lucidi F, Lombardo C. Sleep duration and obesity in adulthood: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2020;14:301–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Sperry SD, Scully ID, Gramzow RH, Jorgensen RS. Sleep duration and waist circumference in adults: a meta-analysis. Sleep. 2015;38:1269–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Zhu B, Shi C, Park CG, Zhao X, Reutrakul S. Effects of sleep restriction on metabolism-related parameters in healthy adults: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. 2019;45:18–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Lin J, Jiang Y, Wang G, Meng M, Zhu Q, Mei H, Liu S, Jiang F. Associations of short sleep duration with appetite-regulating hormones and adipokines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2020;21:e13051.

  97. Tajiri E, Yoshimura E, Hatamoto Y, Tanaka H, Shimoda S. Effect of sleep curtailment on dietary behavior and physical activity: a randomized crossover trial. Physiol Behav. 2018;184:60–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Broussard JL, Kilkus JM, Delebecque F, Abraham V, Day A, Whitmore HR, Tasali E. Elevated ghrelin predicts food intake during experimental sleep restriction. Obesity. 2016;24:132–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Kevin L. Smith

  2. University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Alexandria B. Danyluk

  3. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Sanah S. Munir & Naima Covassin

Authors
  1. Kevin L. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alexandria B. Danyluk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sanah S. Munir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Naima Covassin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Naima Covassin.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Obesity

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Smith, K.L., Danyluk, A.B., Munir, S.S. et al. Shift Work and Obesity Risk—Are There Sex Differences?. Curr Diab Rep 22, 341–352 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-022-01474-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-022-01474-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation