Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Leptin: Sympathetic and cardiovascular effects

  • Published:
Current Cardiology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Shortly after leptin was first discovered, it was hailed as the key to understanding obesity. However, it didn’t take long for investigators to realize that the hormone was more than a feedback signal to inhibit further food intake. Since those early days, leptin has been well characterized in rodents. It exerts an influence in many physiologic processes, including food intake, thermoregulation, fertility, thyroid function, adrenal function, sympathetic nerve activation, renal function, blood vessel tone, and blood pressure. No longer a satiety hormone, it is being looked at from many different perspectives. One such perspective is its influence on the cardiovascular system. This review highlights some of the work in this area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

  1. Ingalls AM, Dickie MM, Snell GD: Obese, a new mutation in the house mouse. J Hered 1950, 41:317–318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, et al.: Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. [Erratum, Nature 1995, 374:479]. Nature 1994, 372:425–432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Tartaglia LA, Dembski M, Weng X, et al.: Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 1995, 83:1263–1271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Friedman JM: Leptin, leptin receptors and the control of body weight. Eur J Med Res 1997, 2:7–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ahima RS, Flier JS: Leptin. Ann Rev Physiol 2000, 62:413–437. This is a well-written and thorough review of leptin with a large bibliography. It covers history, regulation, transport, and action of leptin. The authors also present some different views on its physiologic role.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Attele AS, Shi ZQ, Yuan C: Leptin, gut, and food intake. Biochem Pharmacol 2002, 63:1579–1583.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Esler M, Vaz M, Collier G, et al.: Leptin in human plasma is derived in part from the brain, and cleared by the kidneys. Lancet 1998, 351:879.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang F, Basinski MB, Beals JM, et al.: Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100. Nature 1997, 387:206–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Elmquist JK, Maratos-Flier E, Saper CB, Flier JS: Unraveling the central nervous system pathways underlying responses to leptin. Nat Neurosci 1998, 1:445–450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Matsumura K, Abe I, Tsuchihashi T, Fujishima M: Central effects of leptin on cardiovascular and neurohormonal responses in conscious rabbits. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000, 278:R1314-R1320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dunbar JC, Hu Y, Lu H: Intracerebroventricular leptin increases lumbar and renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in normal rats. Diabetes 1997, 46:2040–2043.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Villarreal D, Reams G, Freeman RH, Taraben A: Renal effects of leptin in normotensive, hypertensive, and obese rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1998, 44:R2056-R2060.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Han DC, Isono M, Chen S, et al.: Leptin stimulates type I collagen production in db/db mesangial cells: glucose uptake and TGF-b type II receptor expression. Kidney Int 2001, 59:1315–1323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wolf G, Hamann A, Han DC, et al.: Leptin stimulates proliferation and TGF-\ expression in renal glomerular endothelial cells: potential role in glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 1999, 56:860–872.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lembo G, Vecchione C, Fratta L, et al.: Leptin induces direct vasodilation through distinct endothelial mechanisms. Diabetes 2000, 49:293–297. The investigators presented evidence of a direct effect of leptin on blood vessels independent of the sympathetic nervous system.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Shek EW, Brands MW, Hall JE: Chronic leptin infusion increases arterial pressure. Hypertension 1998, 31(Part 2):409–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Casto RM, VanNess JM, Overton JM: Effects of central leptin administration on blood pressure in normotensive rats. Neurosci Lett 1998, 246:29–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Eikelis N, Schlaich M, Aggarwal A, et al.: Interactions between leptin and the human sympathetic nervous system. Hypertension 2003, 41:1072–1079. This paper presented the findings from an excellent study that investigated the association between leptin and the human sympathetic nervous system. The investigators selected patients with inherently high and low sympathetic activation due to specific diseases and examined the purported negative feedback of the sympathetic nervous system on leptin levels. They also manipulated the sympathetic nervous system to test for this purported link in the acute setting.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Elmquist JK, Ahima RS, Maratos-Flier E, et al.: Leptin activates neurons in ventrobasal hypothalamus and brainstem. Endocrinology 1997, 138:839–842.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Haynes WG, Sivitz WI, Morgan DA, et al.: Sympathetic and cardiorenal actions of leptin. Hypertension 1997, 30:619–623. The authors presented a nice review of leptin focused on the kidney and the cardiovascular system.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Haynes WG, Morgan DA, Walsh SA, et al.: Receptor-mediated regional sympathetic nerve activation by leptin. J Clin Invest 1997, 100:270–278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Serradeil-Le Gal C, Raufaste D, Brossard G, et al.: Characterization and localization of leptin receptors in the rat kidney. FEBS Lett 1997, 404:185–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fruhbeck G: Pivotal role of nitric oxide in the control of blood pressure after leptin administration. Diabetes 1999, 48:903–908.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, et al.: Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early onset obesity in humans. Nature 1997, 387:903–908.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Agata J, Masuda A, Takada M, et al.: High plasma immunoreactive leptin level in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1997, 10:1171–1174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Schorr U, Blaschke K, Turan S, et al.: Relationship between angiotensinogen, leptin and blood pressure levels in young normotensive men. J Hypertens 1998, 16:1475–1480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Suter PM, Locher R, Hasler E, Vetter W: Is there a role for the ob gene product leptin in essential hypertension? Am J Hypertens 1998, 11:1305–1311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Narkiewicz K, Somers VK, Mos L, et al.: An independent relationship between plasma leptin and heart rate in untreated patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1999, 17:245–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Henriksen JH, Holst JJ, Møller S, et al.: Elevated circulating leptin levels in arterial hypertension: relationship to arteriovenous overflow and extraction of leptin. Clin Sci 2000, 99:527–534. The investigators examined regional leptin production and extraction to determine the source of the increased leptin found in the patients with hypertension. The pattern of leptin kinetics highlighted the importance of certain vascular beds, which may shed light on the role of leptin in humans.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Jensen MD, Moller N, Nair KS, et al.: Regional leptin kinetics in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69:18–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sheu WH, Lee WJ, Chen YT: High plasma leptin concentrations in hypertensive men but not in hypertensive women. J Hypertens 1999, 17:1289–1295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Leyva F, Anker SD, Egerer K, et al.: Hyperleptinaemia in chronic heart failure. Relationships with insulin. Eur Heart J 1998, 19:1547–1551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Richartz BM, Lotze U, Krack A, et al.: [Leptin: a parameter for metabolic changes in heart failure]. Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 2001, 90:280–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Trayhurn P, Duncan JS, Hoggard N, Rayner DV: Regulation of leptin production: a dominant role for the sympathetic nervous system. Proc Nutr Soc 1998, 57:413–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Vaz M, Jennings G, Turner A, et al.: Regional sympathetic nervous activity and oxygen consumption in obese normotensive human subjects. Circulation 1997, 96:3423–3429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Jeon JY, Steadward RD, Wheeler GD, et al.: Intact sympathetic nervous system is required for leptin effects on resting metabolic rate in people with spinal cord injury. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88:402–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Mark AL, Correia ML, Rahmouni K, Haynes WG: Selective leptin resistance: a new concept in leptin physiology with cardiovascular implications. J Hypertens 2002, 20:1245–1250. The authors presented an excellent review of the selective leptin resistance in animals and then applied the concepts to humans. The paper simplified many complex relationships.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Arch JR, Stock MJ, Trayhurn P: Leptin resistance in obese humans: does it exist and what does it mean? Int J Obes 1998, 22:1159–1163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Huang W, et al.: Leptin enters the brain bu a saturable system independent of insulin. Peptides 1996, 17:305–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Caro JF, Kolaczynski JW, Nyce MR, et al.: Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance. Lancet 1996, 348:159–161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rahmouni K, Haynes WG, Mark AL: Cardiovascular and sympathetic effects of leptin. Curr Hypertens Rep 2002, 4:119–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Richards, R.J., Blalock, A., Liao, J. et al. Leptin: Sympathetic and cardiovascular effects. Curr Cardiol Rep 5, 453–458 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-003-0106-0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-003-0106-0

Keywords

Navigation