Abstract
In order to detect bisphenol A (BPA), one of representative endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), in aqueous solution, a carbon quantum dot (CQD) was prepared using 1,3,6-trinitropyrene as a precursor by a hydrothermal synthesis method. STEM, Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR, and XPS were used for the characterization of the purified CQD (p-CD) in this work. The prepared material had a size of about 5 nm, contained many hydroxyl functional groups, and was found to have an amorphous graphene structure. In the concentration range used in this work (0 µM to 0.5 µM), p-CD showed a tendency to increase in fluorescence intensity with high linearity (R2=0.99749) as the BPA aqueous solution concentration increased. By measuring and comparing the fluorescence excitation wavelength of p-CD and the fluorescence emission wavelength of BPA, it was found that this fluorescence change occurred by the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism. Fluorescence experiments were also performed using benzoic acid, hydroquinone, and naphthalene, which have similar molecular structure to BPA as comparative materials. The p-CD exhibited high selectivity for BPA detection while exhibiting a 5-fold greater change in fluorescence intensity for BPA than other target substances.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Bhatnagar and I. Anastopoulos, Chemosphere, 168, 885 (2017).
J. Yoo, J. Na and J. Jung, Ecol. Resil. Infrastruct., 6(2), 128 (2019).
C. Grignon, N. Venisse, S. Rouillon, B. Brunet, A. Bacle, S. Thevenot, V. Migeot and A. Dupuis, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 408(9), 2255 (2016).
H. S. Chang, K. H. Choo, B. Lee and S. J. Choi, J. Hazard. Mater., 172(1), 1 (2009).
F. Xue, J. Wu, H. Chu, Z. Mei, Y. Ye, J. Liu, R. Zhang, C. Peng, L. Zheng and W. Chen, Microchim. Acta, 180, 109 (2013).
Y. Lu, L. Doan, A. Bafana, G. Yu, C. Jeffryes, T. Benson, S. Wei and E. K. Wujcik, in Polymer-based multifunctional nanocomposites and their applications, K. Song, C. Liu and J. Z. Guo (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam (2019).
M. L. Liu, B. B. Chen, C. M. Li and C. Z. Huang, Green Chem., 21(3), 449 (2019).
M. R. Wilner and P. J. Viksland, J. Nanobiotechnol., 16(1), 1 (2018).
A. Koutsioukis, A. Akouros, R. Zboril and V. Georgakilas, Nanoscale, 10(24), 11293 (2018).
G. S. Das, J. P. Shim, A. Bhatnagar, K. M. Tripathi and T. Kim, Sci. Rep., 9(1), 1 (2019).
D. Yoo, Y. Park, B. Cheon and M. Park, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 14(1), 1 (2019).
X. Zhang, M. Jiang, N. Niu, Z. Chen, S. Li, S. Liu and J. Li, ChemSusChem, 11(1), 11 (2018).
H. Yang, L. He, S. Pan, H. Liu and X. Hu, Spectroc. Acta Pt. A-Molec. Biomolec. Spectr., 210, 111 (2019).
Y. Yan, J. H. Liu, R. S. Li, Y. F. Li, C. Z. Huang and S. J. Zhen, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1063, 144 (2019).
H. Xu, X. Yang, G. Li, C. Zhao and X. Liao, J. Agric. Food Chem., 63(30), 6707 (2015).
M. Ghereghlou, A. A. Esmaeili and M. Darroudi, J. Fluoresc., 31(1), 185 (2021).
M. Xue, M. Zou, J. Zhao, Z. Zhan and S. Zhao, J. Mat. Chem. B, 3(33), 6783 (2015).
Q. Wang, X. Liu, L. Zhang and Y. Lv, Analyst, 137(22), 5392 (2012).
S. A. Nsibande and P. B. C. Forbes, RSC Adv., 10(21), 12119 (2020).
K. K. Chan, S. H. K. Yap and K. T. Yong, Nano-Micro Lett., 10(4), 1 (2018).
F. Yan, Z. Sun, H. Zhang, X. Sun, Y. Jiang and Z. Bai, Microchim. Acta, 186(8), 1 (2019).
F. Zu, F. Yan, Z. Bai, J. Xu, Y. Wang, Y. Huang and X. Zhou, Microchim. Acta, 184(7), 1899 (2017).
L. Wang, H. X. Cao, C. G. Pan, Y. S. He, H. F. Liu, L. H. Zhou, C. Q. Li and G.X. Liang, Microchim. Acta, 186(1), 1 (2019).
G. Liu, Z. Chen, X. Jiang, D. Q. Feng, J. Zhao, D. Fan and W. Wang, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 228, 302 (2016).
D. Zhao, X. Liu, C. Wei, Y. Qu, X. Xiao and H. Cheng, RSC Adv., 9(51), 29533 (2019).
L. Wang, Y. Wang, T. Xu, H. Liao, C. Yao, Y. Liu, Z. Li, Z. Chen, D. Pan, L. Sun and M. Wu, Nat. Commun., 5, 1 (2014).
S. Kaplan, Org. Mag. Res., 15(2), 197 (1981).
J. R. A. Cosme, H. E. Bryant and F. Claeyssens, PloS One, 14(7), e0220210 (2019).
S. Chandra, S. Pradhan, S. Mitra, P. Patra, A. Bhattacharya, P. Pramanik and A. Goswami, Nanoscale, 6(7), 3647 (2014).
R. S. D. Costa, W. F. D. Cunha, N. S. Pereira and A. M. Ceschin, Materials, 11(9), 1492 (2018).
V. Hinterberger, C. Damm, P. Haines, D. M. Guldi and W. Peukert, Nanoscale, 11(17), 8464 (2019).
M. Y. Pudza, Z. Z. Abidin, S. A. Rashid, F. M. Yasin, A. S. M. Noor and M. A. Issa, Nanomaterials, 10(2), 315 (2020).
W. Wang, Y. Li, L. Cheng, Z. Cao and W. Liu, J. Mat. Chem. B, 2(1), 46 (2014).
C. Reckmeier, J. Schneider, A. Susha and A. Rogach, Opt. Express, 24(2), A312 (2016).
Z. Yan and A. R. Barron, in Nanomaterials and nanotechnology, A. R. Barron (Ed.), OpenStax CNX, Texas (2015).
R. E. D. Araujo and C. T. Dominguez, in Quantum dots, A. Fontes and B. Santos (Ed.), Humana, New York (2020).
A. M. Brouwer, Pure Appl. Chem., 83(12), 2213 (2011).
L. Wu, C. Huang, B. Emery, A. C. Sedgwick, S. D. Bull, X. P. He, H. Tian, J. Yoon, J. L. Sessler and T. D. James, Chem. Soc. Rev., 49(15), 5110 (2020).
J. Xu, L. Wang and Y. Zhu, Langmuir, 28(22), 8418 (2012).
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2020R1F1A1048770).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supporting Information
Additional information as noted in the text. This information is available via the Internet at http://www.springer.com/chemistry/journal/11814.
Electronic Supplementary Material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hwang, E., Lee, B. Synthesis of a fluorescence sensor based on carbon quantum dots for detection of bisphenol A in aqueous solution. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 39, 1324–1332 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-0989-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-0989-8