Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Seismic resilience of retrofitted RC buildings

  • Special Section: Recent Progress in Evaluation and Improvement on Seismic Resilience of Engineering Structures
  • Published:
Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Existing buildings can be at a greater seismic risk due to non-conformance to current design codes and may require structural retrofitting to improve building performance. The performance of buildings is measured in terms of immediate consequences due to direct damage, but the continuing impacts related to recovery are not considered in seismic retrofit assessment. This paper introduces a framework of retrofit selection based on the seismic resilience of deficient buildings retrofitted with the conventional mitigation approaches. The assembly-based methodology is considered for the seismic resilience assessment by compiling a nonlinear numerical model and a building performance model. The collapse fragility is developed from the capacity curve, and the resulting social, economic, and environmental consequences are determined. The seismic resilience of a building is assessed by developing a downtime assessment methodology incorporating sequence of repairs, impeding factors, and utility availability. Five functionality states are developed for the building functionality given investigated time interval, and a functionality curve for each retrofit is determined. It is concluded that seismic resilience can be used as a performance indicator to assess the continuing impacts of a hazard for the retrofit selection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Almufti I and Willford M (2013), REDi™ Rating System: Resilience Based Earthquake Design Initiative for the Next Generation of Buildings, Version 1.0, October, Arup.

  • Anelli A, Santa-Cruz S, Vona M, et al. (2019), “A Proactive and Resilient Seismic Risk Mitigation Strategy for Existing School Buildings,” Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 15(2): 137–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anwar GA, Dong Y and Zhai C (2020), “Performance-Based Probabilistic Framework for Seismic Risk, Resilience, and Sustainability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures,” Advances in Structural Engineering, 23(7): 1454–1472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asadi E, Salman AM and Li Y (2019), “Multi-Criteria Decision-Making for Seismic Resilience and Sustainability Assessment of Diagrid Buildings,” Engineering Structures, 191: 229–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ASCE-41-13 (2013), Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beavers JE (2002), “A Review of Seismic Hazard Description in US Design Codes and Procedures,” Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 4(1): 46–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billah AM and Alam MS (2014), “Seismic Performance Evaluation of Multi-Column Bridge Bents Retrofitted with Different Alternatives Using Incremental Dynamic Analysis,” Engineering Structures, 62: 105–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bocchini P, Frangopol DM, Ummenhofer T, et al. (2013), “Resilience and Sustainability of Civil Infrastructure: Toward a Unified Approach,” Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 20(2).

  • Calvi G (2013), “Choices and Criteria for Seismic Strengthening,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 17(6): 769–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cimellaro GP, Reinhorn AM and Bruneau M (2010), “Framework for Analytical Quantification of Disaster Resilience,” Engineering Structures, 32(11): 3639–3649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong Y and Frangopol DM (2015), “Risk and Resilience Assessment of Bridges under Mainshock and Aftershocks Incorporating Uncertainties,” Engineering Structures, 83: 198–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong Y and Frangopol DM (2016), “Performance-Based Seismic Assessment of Conventional and Base-Isolated Steel Buildings Including Environmental Impact and Resilience,” Earthquake Engineering Structural Dynamics, 45(5): 739–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong Y, Frangopol DM and Saydam D (2014), “Pre-Earthquake Multi-Objective Probabilistic Retrofit Optimization of Bridge Networks Based on Sustainability,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, 19(6): 04014018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong Y, Frangopol DM and Sabatino S (2016), “A Decision Support System for Mission-Based Ship Routing Considering Multiple Performance Criteria,” Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 150: 190–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elkady A and Lignos DG (2015), “Effect of Gravity Framing on the Overstrength and Collapse Capacity of Steel Frame Buildings with Perimeter Special Moment Frames,” Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 44(8): 1289–1307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elnashai AS and Di Sarno L (2008), Fundamentals of earthquake engineering, Wiley Online Library.

  • FEMA-547 (2006), Techniques for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

  • FEMA (2012), Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings: Vol. 1-Methodology, Report Number FEMA P-58–1, Applied Technology Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautam D and Chaulagain H (2016), “Structural Performance and Associated Lessons to be Learned from World Earthquakes in Nepal After 25 April 2015 (MW 7.8) Gorkha Earthquake,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 68: 222–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giouvanidis AI and Dong Y (2020), “Seismic Loss and Resilience Assessment of Single-Column Rocking Bridges,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00865-5.

  • Guo T, Xu Z, Song L, et al. (2017), “Seismic Resilience Upgrade of RC Frame Building Using Self-Centering Concrete Walls with Distributed Friction Devices,” Journal of Structural Engineering, 143(12): 04017160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hashemi MJ, Al-Attraqchi AY, Kalfat R, et al. (2019), “Linking Seismic Resilience into Sustainability Assessment of Limited-Ductility RC Buildings,” Engineering Structures, 188: 121–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeong S-H and Elnashai AS (2005), “Analytical Assessment of an Irregular RC Frame for Full-Scale 3D Pseudo-Dynamic Testing part I: Analytical Model Verification,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 9(01): 95–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khanmohammadi S, Farahmand H and Kashani H (2018), “A System Dynamics Approach to the Seismic Resilience Enhancement of Hospitals,” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31: 220–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilanitis I and Sextos A (2019), “Integrated Seismic Risk and Resilience Assessment of Roadway Networks in Earthquake Prone Areas,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 17(1): 181–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Dong Y, Frangopol DM, et al. (2020a), “Long-Term Resilience and Loss Assessment of Highway Bridges Under Multiple Natural Hazards,” Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 1–16, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2019.1699936.

  • Li Y, Dong Y and Qian J (2020b), “Higher-Order Analysis of Probabilistic Long-Term Loss under Nonstationary Hazards,” Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 107092.

  • Ma C-K, Apandi NM, Sofrie CSY, et al. (2017), “Repair and Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures Using Confinement: A Review,” Construction and Building Materials, 133: 502–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitrani-Reiser J (2007), An Ounce of Prevention: Probabilistic Loss Estimation for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering, California Institute of Technology.

  • Molina Hutt C, Almufti I, Willford M, et al. (2016), “Seismic Loss and Downtime Assessment of Existing Tall Steel-Framed Buildings and Strategies for Increased Resilience,” Journal of Structural Engineering, 142(8): C4015005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mwafy A and Elkholy S (2017), “Performance Assessment and Prioritization of Mitigation Approaches for Pre-Seismic Code Structures,” Advances in Structural Engineering, 20(6): 917–939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pekcan G, Itani AM and Linke C (2014), “Enhancing Seismic Resilience Using Truss Girder Frame Systems with Supplemental Devices,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 94: 23–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qian J and Dong Y (2020), “Multi-Criteria Decision Making for Seismic Intensity Measure Selection Considering Uncertainty,” Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics.

  • Rodriguez-Nikl T (2015), “Linking Disaster Resilience and Sustainability,” Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 32(1–2): 157–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousakis TC (2018), “Inherent Seismic Resilience of RC Columns Externally Confined with Nonbonded Composite Ropes,” Composites Part B: Engineering, 135: 142–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su L, Wan H-P, Dong Y, et al. (2019), “Seismic Fragility Assessment of Large-Scale Pile-Supported Wharf Structures Considering Soil-Pile Interaction,” Engineering Structures, 186: 270–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thermou G and Elnashai AS (2006), “Seismic Retrofit Schemes for RC Structures and Local-Global Consequences,” Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 8(1): 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tirca L, Serban O, Lin L, et al. (2016), “Improving the Seismic Resilience of Existing Braced-Frame Office Buildings,” Journal of Structural Engineering, 142(8): C4015003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vamvatsikos D and Allin Cornell C (2006), “Direct Estimation of the Seismic Demand and Capacity of Oscillators with Multi-Linear Static Pushovers Through IDA,” Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 35(9): 1097–1117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vona M, Mastroberti M, Mitidieri L, et al. (2018), “New Resilience Model of Communities Based on Numerical Evaluation and Observed Post Seismic Reconstruction Process, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 28: 602–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Jin W, Dong Y and Frangopol DM (2018), “Hierarchical Life-Cycle Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Incorporating Durability, Economic Efficiency and Green Objectives,” Engineering Structures, 157: 119–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitman RV, Anagnos T, Kircher CA, et al. (1997), “Development of a National Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology,” Earthquake Spectra, 13(4): 643–661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Y, Dong Y, Chen B, et al. (2019), “Seismic Damage Mitigation of Bridges with Self-Adaptive SMA-Cable-Based Bearings,” Smart Structures and Systems, 24(1): 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Y, Dong Y and Li Y (2018), “Resilience and Life-Cycle Performance of Smart Bridges with Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)-Cable-Based Bearings,” Construction and Building Materials, 158: 389–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The first author acknowledge funding provided by the Research Grants Council (RGC) of Hong Kong under the Hong Kong PhD Fellowship Scheme (HKPFS) of 2018. This study has been supported by the Chinese National Engineering Research Centre (CNERC) for Steel Construction (Hong Kong Branch) at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Project No. P0013864; Programme Code: BBV9).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

    Ghazanfar Ali Anwar & You Dong

Authors
  1. Ghazanfar Ali Anwar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. You Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to You Dong.

Additional information

Supported by: Chinese National Engineering Research Centre (CNERC) for Steel Construction (Hong Kong Branch) at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University under Project No. P0013864; Programme Code: BBV9)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Anwar, G.A., Dong, Y. Seismic resilience of retrofitted RC buildings. Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib. 19, 561–571 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-020-0580-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-020-0580-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation