Introduction

Physeal fractures account for 18% of all fractures in children. Distal radius are 28% and distal ulna 3.3% of all physeal injuries. In 11–50% of the cases, distal radius fractures are associated to fractures of the ulna [1]. The results of conservative treatment (a plaster cast and closed reduction) are usually satisfactory. However, cases of so-called Galeazzi-equivalent fractures have been reported in children with wrist dorsiflexion and hyperpronation due to a fall on an outstretched hand. These cases have a poor prognosis and common sequelae such as early physeal closure of the ulna, bowing of the radius, limited range of movement (ROM) and loss of strength in the extremity. In a small percentage of these cases (0.5–6.5%), the physeal injuries of the ulna are type IV Salter–Harris, with early physeal closure in 55% of the cases [1–5]. On the other hand, early physeal closure of the radius after type II epiphysiolysis only amounts to 1–7% of the total [5]. Most authors recommend high-quality lateral and oblique X-rays, as well as CT and/or MRI scans in order to diagnose soft-tissue injuries especially to the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) complex on the wrist [6–9].

Case report

This is a 13-year-old boy with trauma to his left arm due to hyperpronation after landing on his outstretched hand when he fell off of his bicycle. Upon examination, symptoms included pain, swollen and wrist deformity with normal neurovascular tests. X-rays revealed physeal fracture of the ulna and radius, more specifically, a Salter–Harris type II fracture of the radius and a type II or IV fracture of the ulna (Fig. 1 a, b). Emergency closed reduction failed. Ct imaging confirmed a metaphyseal fracture of the radius and a type IV Salter–Harris epiphyseal fracture of the ulna. MRI also confirmed: (a) injury of the radius with metaphyseal involvement not visible on the conventional X-ray, (b) a Salter type IV, Peterson type V fracture in ulna, (c) interposition of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) at the point of ulnar fracture and (d) a Palmer type I B peripheral tear of the TFCC complex of the wrist (Fig. 2 a, b) [1, 5, 10]. Based on these findings, we performed an open reduction and fixed the fracture with K-wires. A long-arm cast was then put on with the forearm in the neutral position. During the procedure, all injuries were examined; reduction of the physeal fracture of the ulna was affected by the interposition of the ECU. The TFCC injury was sutured and reinforced with a retinaculum from the ECU [10]. Bone union was achieved with satisfactory alignment without pain (the patient plays the drums), but loss 10º of pronation and supination range of movement (ROM). At last review (2 years follow-up) there was 0.8 cm of ulna minus configuration by ulna physeal arrest, but without distal bowing of the radius.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Anteroposterior (a) and lateral (b) X-rays showing radius fracture and displacement of the physeal fracture of the ulna

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Fig. 2
figure 2

a MRI (T2) in frontal plane, in which the tear of the carpal TFCC is marked with a hollow arrow, and the type IV epiphyseal fracture of the ulna is marked with a solid arrow. b MRI in which the ECU is marked with star and the ECU tendon that is interposed in the focus of the physeal injury of the ulna is marked with a solid arrow

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Discussion

X-rays were previously used to diagnose these injuries [11–13], but we believe MRI scans provide a more accurate picture of the anatomical disruption including the soft tissue components [6, 13]. MRI scans allows us to distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic wrist ligament injuries as well as those of the TFCC complex. MRI sensitivity is 89%, specificity is 92% and diagnostic accuracy is 90%, and comparable to invasive methods, such as arthroscopy and arthrogram, providing relevant information to therapeutic decision [6]. The TFCC can be better evaluated in the coronal plane from both T1 and especially T2, because the synovial fluid provides an “arthrogram” effect which makes the fracture easier to see. A normal TFCC in the coronal plane is seen as a structure with a hypointense, biconcave, triangular section between the lunar fossa of the radius and the styloid of the ulna. When a lesion exists, transverse fracture lines or shiny hyperintense signal perforations can be seen in the TFCC [7, 8]. These injuries are common (38–55%) and of the degenerative type from the third decade of life, but are exceptional and of traumatic etiology in younger patients [11, 13, 14]. These traumatic lesions are misdiagnosed in around 41% of the cases, coinciding with physeal wrist injuries and resulting in instability, functional loss of ROM and ocassionaly important cosmetic alterations [4, 5, 14]. The closed reduction was impossible in this patient due to soft tissue interposition of the ECU and an open reduction was necessary before internal fixation [1, 11, 12, 15]. In these injuries at wrist joint, the information provided exclusively from conventional radiology is incomplete. We agree with other authors that pathological balance, and therefore correct treatment of the injuries is not possible except with the use of non-invasive diagnostic methods such as MRI scans, which should be obtained in cases in which there are possible physeal lesions of both the ulna and the radius [3, 6, 9].