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Crab and Cockle Shells as Catalysts for the Preparation of Methyl Esters from Low Free Fatty Acid Chicken Fat

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Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

Abstract

The use of waste oils/fats, as well as catalysts from waste materials, for producing biodiesel via transesterification have been of recent interest. As such, in the present work, the transesterification of chicken fat using crab and cockle shells as a catalyst was attempted. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) results show that, upon thermal activation, both shells transformed into CaO, the active ingredient that catalyzes the reaction. In addition, the catalytic performance of individual shells as well as the combination of both shells in various ratios was similar. Under the optimal reaction conditions of 4.9 wt% catalyst amount and 0.55:1 methanol to oil mass ratio, methyl esters conversion above 98% was achieved in 3 h. The chicken fat methyl esters that were produced were found to meet several key specifications of biodiesel based on EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 test procedures.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support by Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) under a USM-RU-PRGS Grant (1001/PKIMIA/841005), the award of USM Fellowship (G.P. Maniam), and USM-TWAS Postdoctoral Fellowship (D.M.H. Ali) are gratefully acknowledged. The authors would also like to thank Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA, for their support in providing the statistical software.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia

    Peng-Lim Boey, Gaanty Pragas Maniam & Dafaalla Mohamed Hag Ali

  2. Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

    Shafida Abd Hamid

  3. Chemistry Department, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 407, Khartoum, Sudan

    Dafaalla Mohamed Hag Ali

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  1. Peng-Lim Boey
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  2. Gaanty Pragas Maniam
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  3. Shafida Abd Hamid
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  4. Dafaalla Mohamed Hag Ali
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Correspondence to Gaanty Pragas Maniam.

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Boey, PL., Maniam, G.P., Hamid, S.A. et al. Crab and Cockle Shells as Catalysts for the Preparation of Methyl Esters from Low Free Fatty Acid Chicken Fat. J Am Oil Chem Soc 88, 283–288 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-010-1660-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-010-1660-4

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