Abstract
Since ceramides (CERs) play roles in signal transduction and cell regulation, CERs of human hair might be responsible for apoptosis during keratinization, in addition to their structural barrier and water-holding functions. Although, we previously developed a method for comprehensive profiling of the CERs in hair, that method was too insensitive to quantitatively characterize the CERs in a small amount of hair samples. The aim of this study was to develop a novel method for the highly sensitive determination of the diverse CERs. The method developed is negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) coupled to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using methanol containing 10 mM ammonium acetate as a mobile phase. By this method, 48 peaks derived from 73 kinds of CERs were simultaneously determined in selected ion monitoring measurement using one calibration line of the standard N-palmitoyl dihydrosphigosine, based on extremely small differences in the molar responses among different species of CERs, followed by the calculation of the actual levels using corrections for 13C and 2H effects. This method had extremely high sensitivity as indicated in the limit of quantification being in the femtomolar range. Other quantitative validation data, such as reproducibility, linearity and recoveries, were all sufficient. The quantitative levels of CERs determined by RP-HPLC–ESI-MS were comparable with those determined by thin-layer chromatography. This method was successfully applied to the characterization of levels of CERs in only 1-mm pieces derived from a single hair fiber and revealed the presence of interindividual and intraindividual variations of the CER composition. This RP-HPLC–ESI-MS method can be a powerful tool for future research on physicochemical and physiological roles of CERs in hair.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- % CV:
-
Percentage coefficient of variation
- ADS:
-
Ceramides consisting of α-hydroxy fatty acid and dihydrosphingosine moieties
- APCI:
-
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- AS:
-
Ceramides consisting of α-hydroxy fatty acid and sphingosine moieties
- CER:
-
Ceramide
- DAG:
-
Diacylglycerol
- ESI:
-
Electrospray ionization
- LC:
-
Liquid chromatography
- LOD:
-
Limit of detection
- LOQ:
-
Limit of quantification
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry
- NDS:
-
Ceramides consisting of non-hydroxy fatty acid and dihydrosphingosine moieties
- NS:
-
Ceramides consisting of non-hydroxy fatty acid and sphingosine moieties
- RP-HPLC:
-
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
- SIM:
-
Selected ion monitoring
- TLC:
-
Thin-layer chromatography
References
Fishbein JD, Dobrowsky RT, Bielawska A, Garrett S, Hannun YA (1993) Ceramide-mediated growth inhibition and CAPP are conserved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 268:9244–9261
Riboni L, Prinetti A, Bassi R, Caminiti A, Tettamanti G (1995) A mediator role of ceramide in the regulation of neuroblastoma Neuro2a cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 270:26868–26875
Hannun YA (1996) Functions of ceramide in coordinating cellular responses to stress. Science 274:1855–1859
Pettus BJ, Chalfant CE, Hannun YA (2002) Ceramide in apoptosis: an overview and current perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta 1585:114–125
Sullards MC, Wang E, Peng Q, Merril AH (2003) Metabolomic profiling of sphingolipids in human glioma cell lines by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Cell Mol Biol 49:789–797
Drobnik W, Liebisch G, Audebert F Fröhlich -XD, Glück T, Vogel P, Rothe G, Schmitz G (2003) Plasma ceramide and lysophosphatidylcholine inversely correlate with mortality in sepsis patients. J Lipid Res 44:754–761
Merrill AH, Sweeley CC (1996) Sphingolipids: metabolism and cell signaling. In: Vance DE, Vance JE (eds) Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes. Elsevier, New York, pp 309–339
Alderson NL, Walla MD, Hama H (2005) A novel method for the measurement of in vivo fatty acid 2-hydroxylase activity by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 46:1569–1575
Robson KJ, Stewart ME, Michelsen S, Lazo ND, Downing DT (1994) 6-Hydroxy-4-sphingenine in human epidermal ceramides. J Lipid Res 35:2060–2068
Farwanah H, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH, Raith K (2005) Profiling of human stratum corneum ceramides by means of normal phase LC/APCI–MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 383:632–637
Elias PM (1983) Epidermal lipids, barrier, function, and desquamation. J Invest Dermatol 80:44s–49s
Imokawa G, Akasaki S, Hattori M, Yoshizuka N (1986) Selective recovery of deranged water-holding properties by stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 87:758–761
Hamanaka S, Nakazawa S, Yamanaka M, Uchida Y, Otsuka F (2005) Glucosylceramide accumulates preferentially in lamella bodies in differentiated keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 152:426–434
Hussler G, Kaba G, Francois AM, Saint-Leger D (1995) Isolation and identification of human hair ceramides. Int J Cosmet Sci 17:197–206
Masukawa Y, Narita H, Imokawa G (2005) Characterization of the lipid composition at the proximal root regions of human hair. J Cosmet Sci 56:1–16
Imokawa G, Abe A, Jin K, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Hidano A (1991) Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin. J Invest Dermatol 96:523–526
van Veldhoven PP, Bishop WR, Yurivich DA, Bell RM (1995) Ceramide quantitation: evaluation of a mixed micellar assay using E. coli diacylglycerol kinase. Biochem Mol Biol Int 36:21–30
McNabb TJ, Cremesti AE, Brown PR, Fischl AS (1999) The separation and direct detection of ceramides and sphingoid bases by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light-scattering detection. Anal Biochem 276:242–250
Hoi U, Pei PT, Minard RD (1981) Separation of molecular species of ceramides as benzoyl and p-nitrobenzoyl derivatives by high performance liqid chromatography. Lipids 16:855–862
Mano N, Oda Y, Yamada K, Asakawa N, Katayama K (1997) Simultaneous quantitative determination method for sphingolipid metabolites by liquid chromatography/ionspray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 244:291–300
Gu M, Kerwin JL, Watts JD, Aebersold R (1997) Ceramide profiling of complex lipid mixtures by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 244:347–356
Couch LH, Churchwell MI, Doerge DR, Tolleson WH, Howard PC (1997) Identification of ceramides in human cells using liquid chromatography with detection by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 11:504–512
Liebisch G, Drobnik W, Reil M, Trümbach B, Arneche R, Olgemöller B, Roscher A, Schmitz G (1999) Quantitative measurement of different ceramide species from crude cellular extracts by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI–MS/MS). J Lipid Res 40:1539–1546
Yamada Y, Kajiwara K, Yano M, Kishida E, Masuzawa Y, Kojo S (2001) Increase of ceramides and its inhibition by catalase during chemically induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells determined by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta 1532:115–120
Han X (2002) Characterization and direct quantitation of ceramide molecular species from lipid extracts of biological samples by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 302:199–212
Fillet M, van Heugen J-C, Servais A-C, de Graeve J, Crommen J (2002) Separation, identification and quantitation of ceramides in human cancer cells by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 949:225–233
Lee MH, Lee GH, Yoo JS (2003) Analysis of ceramides in cosmetics by reversed-phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17:64–75
Yamane M (2003) Simultaneous quantitative determination method for ceramide species from crude cellular extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography–thermospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 783:181–190
Pettus BJ, Kroesen B-J, Szulc ZM, Bielawska A, Bielawski J, Hannun Y, A., Busman M (2003) Qunatitative measurement of different ceramide species from crude cellular extracts by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18:577–583
Camera E, Picardo M, Presutti C, Catarcini P, Fanali S (2004) Separation and characterization of sphingoceramides by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 27:971–976
Masukawa Y, Tsujimura H, Narita H (2006) Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for comprehensive profiling of ceramide molecules in human hair. J Lipid Res 47:1559–1571
Motta S, Monti M, Sesana S, Caputo R, Carelli S, Ghidoni R (1993) Ceramide composition of the psoriatic scale. Biochim Biophys Acta 1182:147–151
Ramjit HG, Newton R, Guare JP (2005) A novel coaxial electrospray ionization method for characterizing hexacosanoylceramides by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 19:1257–1262
Masukawa Y, Tsujimura H, Imokawa G (2005) A systematic method for the sensitive and specific determination of hair lipids in combination with chromatography. J Chromatogr B 823:131–142
Yergey JA (1983) A general approach to calculating isotopic distributions for mass spectrometry. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Phys 52:337–349
Lieser B, Liebisch G, Drobnik W, Schmitz G (2003) Quantification of sphingosine and sphinganine from crude lipid extracts by HPLC electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 44:2209–2216
Liebisch G, Lieser B, Rathenberg J, Drobnik W, Schmitz G (2004) High-throughput quantification of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin by electrospray ionization tendem mass spectrometry coupled with isotope correction algorithm. Biochim Biophys Acta 1686:108–117
Han X, Cheng H (2005) Characterization and direct quantitation of cerebroside molecular species from lipid extracts by shotgun lipidmics. J Lipid Res 46:163–175
Han X, Gross RW (2005) Shotgun lipidmics: electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis and quantitation of cellular lipidomes directry from crude extracts of biological samples. Mass Spectrom Rev 24:367–412
Robbins CR (1994) Chemical and physical behavior of human hair, 3rd edn. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 23–45
Vietzke J-P, Straßner M, Hinze U (1999) Separation and identification of ceramides in the human stratum corneum by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and electrospray multiple-stage mass spectrometry profiling. Chromatographia 50:15–20
Vietzke J-P, Brandt O, Abeck D, Rapp C, Strassner M, Schreiner V, Hinze U (2001) Comparative investigation of human stratum corneum ceramides. Lipids 36:299–304
Masukawa Y, Tsujimura H, Tanamachi H, Narita H, Imokawa G (2004) Damage to human hair caused by repeated bleaching combined with daily weathering during daily life activities. Exog Dermatol 3:273–281
Bieberich E, Silva J, Wang G, Krishnamurthy K, Condie BG (2004) Selective apoptosis of pluripotent mouse and human stem cells by novel ceramide analogues prevents teratoma formation and enriches for neural precursors in ES cell-derived neural transplants. J Cell Biol 167:723–734
Venable ME, Webb-Froehlich LM, Sloan EF, Thomley JE (2006) Shift in sphingolipid metabolism leads to an accumulation of ceramide in senescence Mech Ageing Dev 127:473–480
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our cordial gratitude to Katsumi Kita of the Kao Corporation for his discussions and encouragement of this study. Our sincere thanks also go to Manabu Watanabe, Yoshiya Sugai and Yoshinori Nishizawa of the Kao Corporation for technical support in the synthesis of standard CERs.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Masukawa, Y., Tsujimura, H. Highly Sensitive Determination of Diverse Ceramides in Human Hair Using Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 42, 275–290 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-3012-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-3012-6