Abstract
Applications of platinum complexes as phosphorescent emitters in high efficiency organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) were shortly discussed in this paper. Key recent studies on highly efficient blue, green, red and white-phosphorescent OLEDs based on Pt complexes are presented in terms of efficiency and color quality.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adachi C, Baldo M A, Forrest S R, Thompson M E. High-efficiency organic electrophosphorescent devices with tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium doped into electron-transporting materials [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2000, 77(16): 904–906.
Houlding V H, Miskowski V M. The effect of linear chain structure on the electronic structure of Pt(II) di-imine complexes [J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 1991, 111(1): 145–152.
Evancs R C, Douglas P, Winscom C J. Coordination complexes exhibiting room-temperature phosphorescence: Evaluation of their suitability as triplet emitters in organic light emitting diodes [J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2006, 250(15/16): 2093–2126.
Commission Internationale de L’élairage (CIE). Colorimetry [R]. 1986, 15: 2.
Commission Internationale de L’élairage (CIE). Method of measuring and specifying colour rendering properties of light sources [R]. 1974, 13: 2.
Rae M S. The IESNA lighting hand book [M]. 8th ed. New York: IESNA, 1993.
Sun Y, Giebink N C, Kanno H, Ma B, Thompson M E, Forrest S R. Management of singlet and triplet excitons for efficient white organic light-emitting devices [J]. Nature, 2006, 440: 908–912.
Kido J, Kimura M, Nagai K. Multilayer white lightemitting organic electroluminescent device [J]. Science, 1995, 267(5202): 1332–1334.
Kido J, Hongawa K, Okuyama K, Nagai K. White light-emitting organic electroluminescent devices using the poly (n-vinylcarbazole) emitter layer doped with three fluorescent dyes [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 1994, 64(7): 815–817.
Kawamura Y, Yanagida S, Forrest S R. Energy transfer in polymer electrophosphorescent light emitting devices with single and multiple doped luminescent layers [J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2002, 92(1): 87–93.
Tokito S, Lijima T, Tsuzuki T, Sato F. Highefficiency white phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with greenish-blue and red-emitting layers [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2003, 83(12): 2459–2461.
Schwartz G, Pfeiffer M, Reineke S, Walzer K, Leo K. Harvesting triplet excitons from fluorescent blue emitters in white organic light-emitting diodes [J]. Advanced Materials, 2007, 19(21): 3672–3676.
Sun Y, Forrest S R. High-efficiency white organic light emitting devices with three separate phosphorescent emission layers [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2007, DOI: 10.1063/1.2827178
Adamovich V, Brooks J, Tamayo A, Alexander A M, Djurovich P I, D’andrade B W, Adachi C, Forrest S R, Thompson M E. High efficiency single dopant white electrophosphorescent light emitting diodes [J]. New Journal of Chemistry, 2002, 26(9): 1171–1178.
Berggren M, Gustafsson G, Inganas O, Andersson M R, Hjertberg T, Wennerstrom O. White light from an electroluminescent diode made from poly(3(4-octylphenyl)-2,2-bithiophene) and an oxadiazole derivative [J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1994, 76(11): 7530–7534.
Feng J, Li F, Gao W B, Liu S Y, Liu Y, Wang Y. White light emission from exciplex using tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum as chromaticity-tuning layer [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2001, 78(25): 3947–3949.
Hide F, Kozodoy P, DenBaars S P, Heeger A J. White light from InGaN/conjugated polymer hybrid light-emitting diodes [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 1997, 70(20): 2664–2666.
Baldo M A, O’brien D F, You Y, Shoustikov A, Sibley S, Thompson M E, Forrest S R. Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices [J]. Nature, 1998, 395: 151–154.
Baldo M A, Lamansky S, Burrows P E, Thompson M E, Forrest S R. Very high-effciency green organic light-emtting devices based on electrophosphorescent [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 1999, 75(1): 4–6.
Cocchi M, Virgili D, Sabatini C, Fattori V, Marco P D, Maestri M, Kalinowski J. Highly efficiency organic electrophosphorescent devices based on cyclometallated platinum complexes as new phosphorescent emitters [J]. Synthetic Metals, 2004, 147(1/3): 253–256.
Kavitha J, Chang S Y, Chi Y, Yu J K, Hu Y H, Chou P T, Peng S M, Lee G H, Tao Y T, Chien C H, Carty A J. In search of high-performance platinum (II) phosphorescent material for the fabrication of red electrophosphorescent devices [J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2005, 15(2): 223–229.
Kwong R C, Nugent M R, Michalski L, Ngo T, Rajan K, Tung Y J, Weaver M S, Zhou T X, Hack M, Thompson M E, Forrest S R, Brown J J. High operational stability of electrophosphorescent devices [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2002, 81(1): 162–164.
D’Andrade B W, Forrest S R, Chwang AB. Operational stability of electrophosphorescent devices containing p-and n-doped transport layers [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2003, 83(19): 3858–3860.
Cocchi M, Virgili D, Fattori V, Rochester L, Williams J A G. N∧C∧N -coordinated platinum (II) complexes as phosphorescent emitters in high performance organic light-emitting diodes [J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2007, 17(2): 285–289.
Sotoyama W, Satoh T, Sawatari N, Inoue H. Efficient organic light-emitting ncent platinum complexes containing N∧C∧N-coordinating tridentate legends [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2005, DOI: 10.1063/1.1901826.
Brooks J, Babayan Y, Lamansky S, Djurovich P I, Tsyba I, Bau R, Thompson M E. Synthesis and characterization of phosphorescent cyclometalated platinum complexes [J]. Inorganic Chemistry, 2002, 41(12): 3055–3066.
Lonkin A S, Marshall W J, Wang Y. Syntheses, structural characterization, and first electroluminescent properties of mono-cyclometalated platinum (II) complexes with greater than elassical π − π stacking and Pt-Pt distances [J]. Organometallics, 2005, 24(4): 619–627.
Vezzu D A K, Deaton J C, Jones J S, Bartolotti L, Harris C F, Marchetti A P, Kondakova M, Pike R D, Huo S. Highly luminescent tetradentate biscyclometalated platinum complexes: Design, synthesis, structure, photophysics, and electroluminescence application [J]. Inorganic Chemistry, 2010, 49(11): 5107–5119.
Ma B, Djurovich P I, Garon S, Alleyne B, Thompson M E. Platinum binuclear complexes as phosphorescent dopants for monochromatic and white organic light-emitting diodes [J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2006, 16(18): 2438–2446.
Yang X, Wang Z, Madakuni S, Li J, Jabbour G E. Efficient blue-and white-emitting electrophosphorescent devices based on platinum(II) [1,3-difluoro-4,6-di(2-pyridinyl)benzene] chloride [J]. Advanced Materials, 2008, 20(12): 2405–2409.
Tokito S, Iijima T, Suzuki Y, Kita H, Tsuzuki T, Sato F. Confinement of triplet energy on phosphorescent molecules for highly-efficient organic blue-lightemitting devices [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2003, 83(3): 569–571.
Holmes R J, D’Andrade B W, Forrest S R, Ren X, Li J, Thompson M E. Efficient, deep-blue organic electrophosphorescence by guest charge trapping [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2003, 83(18): 3818–3820.
Holmes R J, Forrest S R, Sajoto T, Tamayo A, Djurovich P I, Thompson M E, Brooks J, Tung Y J, D’andrade B W, Weaver M S, Kwong R C, Brown J. Saturated deep blue organic electrophosphorescence using a fluorine-free emitter [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2005, DOI: 10.1063/1.2143128.
Cocchi M, Kalinowski J, Fattori V, Williams J A G, Murphy L. Color-variable highly efficient organic electrophosphorescent diodes manipulating molecular exciton and excimer emissions [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2009, DOI: 10.1063/1.3086900.
Kalinowski J, Cocchi M, Murphy L, Williams J A G, Fattori V. Bi-molecular emissive excited states in platinum (II) complexes for high-performance organic light-emitting diodes [J]. Chemical Physics, 2010, 378(1/3): 47–57.
D’andrade B W, Forrest S R. White organic lightemitting devices for solid-state lighting [J]. Advanced Materials, 2004, 16(18): 1585–1595.
Williams E L, Haavisto K, Li J, Jabbour G E. Excimer-based white phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes with nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency [J]. Advanced Materials, 2007, 19(2): 197–202.
Cocchi M, Kalinowski J, Virgili D, Fattori V, Develay S, Williams J A G. Single-dopant organic white electrophosphorescent diodes with very high efficiency and its reduced current density roll-off [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2007, DOI: 10.1063/1.2722675.
Yang X, Wang Z, Madakuni S, Li J, Jabbour G E. Highly efficient excimer-based white phosphorescent devices with improved power and color rendering index [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2008, DOI: 10.1063/1.3013324.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Project supported by the Development Foundation for Electronic and Information Industry (2010), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant No.10DZ1140502), the Mechatronics Engineering Innovation Group Project from Shanghai Education Commission, and the Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications (Shanghai University), Ministry of Education, China (Grant No.P201004)
About this article
Cite this article
Lü, Yf., Zhang, My., Shang, Yz. et al. Platinum complexes as phosphorescent emitters in highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes. J. Shanghai Univ.(Engl. Ed.) 15, 256–261 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11741-011-0733-3
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11741-011-0733-3