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Chemical composition and evaluation of protective effect of Ziziphus spina-christi L. against iron-induced oxidative DNA damage in Tetrahymena pyriformis

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Abstract

Ziziphus spina-christi has been traditionally used as a folk medicine for a variety of therapeutic benefits. However, there is no well-documented information regarding the protective role of this plant against toxicity induced by the overdose of trace metals, including iron. This work aimed to investigate the major components, as well as the antioxidant profile of aqueous extracts from different Z. spina-christi plant parts (seed, pulp, and almond), and to assess the protective effect of seed extract against iron-induced oxidative DNA damage using Tetrahymena pyriformis as a cellular model. Cells were incubated with iron (II) chloride (FeCl2) FeCl2 (1000 μM) in the absence or presence of seed extract. Lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species production were measured using biochemical assays. Intracellular iron accumulation was evaluated through Perl’s Prussian blue staining and ferrozine assay. The DNA damage was evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PCR, and restriction enzyme digestion of metallothionein (MT) gene. HPLC–DAD analysis revealed 21 different phenolic compounds; most of them were identified in the seed extract, while the almond extract exhibited a weak phenolic composition. Accordingly, seed extract showed important in vitro antioxidant activities. Pre-treatment with seed extract significantly reduced the impact of FeCl2, by attenuating MTT reduction, preventing iron accumulation, modulated antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced lipid peroxidation and significantly inhibited DNA damage. Collectively, data showed that Ziziphus spina-christi seed might act as an iron chelator agent with antioxidant properties offering effective protection against cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage induced by iron (II) chloride overload.

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Abbreviations

CAT:

Catalase

CUPRAC:

Cupric ion reducing capacity

FeCl2 :

Iron (II) chloride

FRAP:

Ferric reducing power assay

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSh:

Reduced glutathione

MCA:

Metal chelating assay

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MT:

Metallothionein

MTT:

(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylterazolium bromide)

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance

TEP:

Tetrahymena pyriformis

TFC:

Total flavonoid contents

TPC:

Total phenolic contents

ZSC:

Ziziphus spina-christi

ZSCA:

Z.spina christi almond

ZSCP:

Z.spina christi pulp

ZSCS:

Z.spina christi seed

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Prof. Mustapha Cherkaoui Malki from the University of Burgundy-Franche-Comté, BioPeroxIL laboratory, Dijon, France, and Dr. Krishna Prasad Devkota from the African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laâyoune, Morocco, for their valuable suggestions and the careful reading of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Hassan I, BP 577, 26000, Settat, Morocco

    Ezzouhra El Maaiden, Abdel Khalid Essamadi & Boubker Nasser

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Hassan I, BP 577, 26000, Settat, Morocco

    Ezzouhra El Maaiden & Khadija Moustaid

  3. African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco

    Youssef El Kharrassi

  4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education- Zabid, Hodeidah University - Hodeidah, Hodeidah, Yemen

    Nagib A. S. Qarah

Authors
  1. Ezzouhra El Maaiden
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  2. Youssef El Kharrassi
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  3. Nagib A. S. Qarah
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  4. Abdel Khalid Essamadi
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  5. Khadija Moustaid
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  6. Boubker Nasser
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Correspondence to Boubker Nasser.

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El Maaiden, E., El Kharrassi, Y., Qarah, N.A.S. et al. Chemical composition and evaluation of protective effect of Ziziphus spina-christi L. against iron-induced oxidative DNA damage in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Food Measure 15, 3884–3892 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-021-00975-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-021-00975-x

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