Abstract
Cold spraying is increasingly attracting attentions from both scientific and industrial communities due to its unique ‘low-temperature’ coating build-up process and its potential applications in the additive manufacturing across a variety of industries. The existing studies mainly focused on the following subjects: particle acceleration and heating, coating build-up, coating formation mechanism, coating properties, and coating applications, among which particle acceleration and heating can be regarded as the premise of the other subjects because it directly determines whether particles have sufficient energy to deposit and form the coating. Investigations on particle acceleration and heating behavior in cold spraying have been widely conducted both numerically and experimentally over decades, where many valuable conclusions were drawn. However, existing literature on this topic is vast; a systematical summery and review work is still lack so far. Besides, some curtail issues involved in modeling and experiments are still not quite clear, which needs to be further clarified. Hence, a comprehensive summary and review of the literature are very necessary. In this paper, the gas flow, particle acceleration, and heat transfer behavior in the cold spray process are systematically reviewed. Firstly, a brief introduction is given to introduce the early analytical models for predicting the gas flow and particle velocity in cold spraying. Subsequently, special attention is directed towards the application of computational fluid dynamics technique for cold spray modeling. Finally, the experimental observations and measurements in cold spraying are summarized.
Abbreviations
- A :
-
Cross-sectional area of nozzle
- A * :
-
Cross-sectional area of nozzle throat
- A p :
-
Cross-sectional area of particle
- A s :
-
Surface area of particle
- c * :
-
Sound speed at the nozzle throat
- c 1, c 2 :
-
Fitting parameters
- C D :
-
Particle drag coefficient
- C p :
-
Gas specific heat at constant pressure
- C particle :
-
Particle specific heat
- d * :
-
Diameter of nozzle cross-sectional area at the throat
- d e :
-
Diameter of nozzle cross-sectional area at the exit
- d p :
-
Particle diameter
- \(d_{\text{p}}^{\text{ref}}\) :
-
Reference particle diameter
- e :
-
Fitting parameter
- F b :
-
Body force imposed on particle
- h :
-
Convective heat transfer coefficient
- l :
-
Axial position at the nozzle central line
- L st :
-
Thickness of the stagnant region
- L d :
-
Nozzle divergent length
- m p :
-
Particle mass
- M :
-
Mach number
- M e :
-
Mach number at the nozzle exit
- M P :
-
Particle Mach number
- M w :
-
Molar mass
- Nu:
-
Nusselt number
- P 0 :
-
Gas stagnation pressure
- P :
-
Gas static pressure
- P e :
-
Gas static pressure at the nozzle exit
- Pr:
-
Prandtl number
- q :
-
Heat flux
- r :
-
Recovery coefficient
- R :
-
Gas constant
- Re:
-
Gas Reynolds number
- Rep :
-
Particle Reynolds number
- S M :
-
Source terms in momentum equation
- S T :
-
Source terms in energy equation
- t :
-
Time
- T :
-
Gas temperature
- T 0 :
-
Gas stagnation temperature
- T e :
-
Gas temperature at the nozzle exit
- T f :
-
Temperature at the fluid side
- T m :
-
Material melting point
- T p :
-
Particle temperature
- T r :
-
Recovery temperature
- T solid :
-
Temperature of solid phase
- T w :
-
Temperature at the wall side
- u i :
-
Gas velocity components
- v :
-
Gas velocity
- v cr :
-
Critical velocity
- \(v_{\text{cr}}^{\text{ref}}\) :
-
Reference critical velocity
- v e :
-
Gas velocity at the nozzle exit
- v p :
-
Particle velocity
- \(v_{\text{p}}^{\text{exit}}\) :
-
Particle velocity at the nozzle exit
- \(v_{\text{p}}^{\text{impact}}\) :
-
Particle velocity upon impact
- μ:
-
Dynamic viscosity
- λ:
-
Gas thermal conductivity
- λsolid :
-
Solid thermal conductivity
- γ:
-
Ratio of gas specific heats
- δ:
-
Fitting parameter
- ρ:
-
Gas density
- ρ0 :
-
Gas stagnation density
- ρp :
-
Particle density
- ρst :
-
Average gas density in the stagnant region
- \(\left( {\frac{{\partial {T}}}{{\partial {n}}}} \right)_{\text{w}}\) :
-
Temperature gradient at the wall surface
References
A.P. Alkhimov, V.F. Kosareve, and A.N. Papyrin, A Method of Cold Gas-Dynamic Spray Deposition, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR., 1990, 315, p 1062-1065
A. Papyrin, Cold Spray Technology, Adv. Mater. Process., 2001, 159, p 49-51
M. Grujicic, C.L. Zhao, C. Tong, W.S. DeRosset, and D. Helfritch, Analysis of the Impact Velocity of Powder Particles in the Cold-Gas Dynamic-Spray Process, Mater. Sci. Eng., 2004, 368, p 222-230
H. Assadi, F. Gärtner, T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye, Bonding Mechanism in Cold Gas Spraying, Acta Mater., 2003, 51, p 4379-4394
T. Schmidt, F. Gärtner, H. Assadi, and H. Kreye, Development of a Generalized Parameter Window for Cold Spray Deposition, Acta Mater., 2006, 54, p 729-742
B. Samareh, O. Stier, V. Lüthen, and A. Dolatabadi, Assessment of CFD Modeling Via Flow Visualization in Cold Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18, p 934-943
M. Bray, A. Cockburn, and W. O’Neill, The Laser-Assisted Cold Spray Process and Deposit Characterisation, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2009, 203, p 2851-2857
M. Grujicic, C. Tong, W.S. DeRosset, and D. Helfritch, Flow Analysis and Nozzle-Shape Optimization for the Cold-Gas Dynamic-Spray Process, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B, 2003, 217, p 1603-1613
B. Jodoin, F. Raletz, and M. Vardelle, Cold Spray Modeling and Validation Using an Optical Diagnostic Method, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 200, p 4424-4432
S.P. Pardhasaradhi, V. Venkatachalapathy, S.V. Joshi, and S. Govindan, Optical Diagnostics Study of Gas Particle Transport Phenomena in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying and Comparison with Model Predictions, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2008, 17, p 551-563
B. Jodoin, Cold Spray Nozzle Mach Number Limitation, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2002, 11, p 496-507
R.C. Dykhuizen and M.F. Smith, Gas Dynamic Principles of Cold Spray, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1998, 7, p 205-212
T. Stoltenhoff, H. Kreye, and H.J. Richter, An Analysis of the Cold Spray Process and Its Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2002, 11, p 542-550
T. Han, Z. Zhao, B.A. Gillispie, and J.R. Smith, Effects of Spray Conditions on Coating Formation by the Kinetic Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2005, 14, p 373-383
M.W. Lee, J.J. Park, D.Y. Kim, S.S. Yoon, H.Y. Kim, S.C. James, S. Chandra, and T. Coyle, Numerical Studies on the Effects of Stagnation Pressure and Temperature on Supersonic Flow Characteristics in Cold Spray Applications, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, p 1085-1097
V.K. Champagne, D.J. Helfritch, S.P.G. Dinavahi, and P.F. Leyman, Theoretical and Experimental Particle Velocity in Cold Spray, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, p 425-431
S.V. Klinkov, V.F. Kosarev, A. Sova, and I. Smurov, Calculation of Particle Parameters for Cold Spraying of Metal-Ceramic Mixtures, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18, p 944-956
M. Winnicki, A. Ma, G. Dudzik, M. Rutkowska-gorczyca, M. Marciniak, and K. Abramski, Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Copper Particles Velocity in Low-Pressure Cold Spraying Process, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2014, 268, p 1-11
F. Raletz, M. Vardelle, and G. Ezo’o, Critical Particle Velocity Under Cold Spray Conditions, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, p 1942-1947
S. Yin, M. Zhang, Z. Guo, H. Liao, and X. Wang, Numerical Investigations on the Effect of Total Pressure and Nozzle Divergent Length on the Flow Character and Particle Impact Velocity in Cold Spraying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2013, 232, p 290-297
A.P. Alkhimov, V.F. Kosarev, and S.V. Klinkov, The Features of Cold Spray Nozzle Design, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2001, 10, p 375-381
V.F. Kosarev, S.V. Klinkov, A.P. Alkhimov, and A.N. Papyrin, On Some Aspects of Gas Dynamics of the Cold Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2003, 12, p 265-281
H. Assadi, T. Schmidt, H. Richter, J.O. Kliemann, K. Binder, F. Gärtner, K. Klassen, and H. Kreye, On Parameter Selection in Cold Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, p 1161-1176
H. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera, An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method, 2nd ed., Pearson Education Limited, Harlow, 2007
T. Han, B.A. Gillispie, and Z.B. Zhao, An Investigation on Powder Injection in the High-Pressure Cold Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18, p 320-330
E. Farvardin, O. Stier, V. Lüthen, and A. Dolatabadi, Effect of using liquid feedstock in a high pressure cold spray nozzle, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, p 307-316
K. Taylor, B. Jodoin, and J. Karov, Particle Loading Effect in Cold Spray, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15, p 273-279
H. Tabbara, S. Gu, D.G. McCartney, T.S. Price, and P.H. Shipway, Study on Process Optimization of Cold Gas Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, p 608-620
G. Huang, D. Gu, X. Li, L. Xing, and H. Wang, Numerical Simulation on Syphonage Effect of Laval Nozzle for Low Pressure Cold Spray System, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2014, 214, p 2497-2504
R. Ghias, Simulation of Flow Through Supersonic Cruise Nozzle: A Validation Study, Thermal & Fluids Analysis Workshop, Newport News, 2011
J. Pattison, S. Celotto, A. Khan, and W. O’Neill, Standoff Distance and Bow Shock Phenomena in the Cold Spray process, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, p 1443-1454
M. Karimi, A. Fartaj, G. Rankin, D. Vanderzwet, W. Birtch, and J. Villafuerte, Numerical Simulation of the Cold Gas Dynamic Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15, p 518-523
B. Samareh and A. Dolatabadi, A Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Cold Spray Process: The Effects of Substrate Location and Shape, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16, p 634-642
A. Sova, M. Doubenskaia, S. Grigoriev, A. Okunkova, and I. Smurov, Parameters of the Gas-Powder Supersonic Jet in Cold Spraying Using a Mask, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2013, 22, p 551-556
S.H. Zahiri, T.D. Phan, S.H. Masood, and M. Jahedi, Development of Holistic Three-Dimensional Models for Cold Spray Supersonic Jet, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2014, 23, p 919-933
M. Faizan-Ur-Rab, S.H. Zahiri, S.H. Masood, T.D. Phan, M. Jahedi, and R. Nagarajah, Application of a Holistic 3D Model to Estimate State of Cold Spray Titanium Particles, Mater. Des., 2016, 89, p 1227-1241
A. Hadjadj, Y. Perrot, and S. Verma, Numerical Study of Shock/Boundary Layer Interaction in Supersonic Overexpanded Nozzles, Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 2015, 42, p 158-168
A. Balabel, A.M. Hegab, M. Nasr, and S.M. El-Behery, Assessment of Turbulence Modeling for Gas Flow in Two-Dimensional Convergent-Divergent Rocket Nozzle, Appl. Math. Model., 2011, 35, p 3408-3422
H. Katanoda, M. Fukuhara, and N. Iino, Numerical Study of Combination Parameters for Particle Impact Velocity and Temperature in Cold Spray, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16, p 627-633
S. Yin, X.F. Wang, W.Y. Li, and B.P. Xu, Numerical Study on the Effect of Substrate Angle on Particle Impact Velocity and Normal Velocity Component in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying Based on CFD, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, p 1155-1162
A. Sova, S. Grigoriev, A. Kochetkova, and I. Smurov, Influence of Powder Injection Point Position on Efficiency of Powder Preheating in Cold Spray: Numerical Study, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2014, 242, p 226-231
W.Y. Li, H. Liao, H.T. Wang, C.J. Li, G. Zhang, and C. Coddet, Optimal Design of a Convergent-Barrel Cold Spray Nozzle by Numerical Method, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2006, 253, p 708-713
W.-Y. Li and C.-J. Li, Optimal Design of a Novel Cold Spray Gun Nozzle at a Limited Space, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2005, 14, p 391-396
W.-Y. Li, H. Liao, G. Douchy, and C. Coddet, Optimal Design of a Cold Spray Nozzle by Numerical Analysis of Particle Velocity and Experimental Validation with 316L Stainless Steel Powder, Mater. Des., 2007, 28, p 2129-2137
E. Kwon and S. Cho, Particle Behavior in Supersonic Flow during the Cold Spray Process, Matals Mater. Int., 2005, 11, p 377-381
S. Yin, X.F. Wang, and W.Y. Li, Computational Analysis of the Effect of Nozzle Cross-Section Shape on Gas Flow and Particle Acceleration in Cold Spraying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 205, p 2970-2977
X.K. Suo, T.K. Liu, W.Y. Li, Q.L. Suo, M.P. Planche, and H.L. Liao, Numerical Study on the Effect of Nozzle Dimension on Particle Distribution in Cold Spraying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2013, 220, p 107-111
S. Yin, X.F. Wang, W.Y. Li, and X.P. Guo, Examination on Substrate Preheating Process in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, p 852-859
W.Y. Li, S. Yin, X. Guo, H. Liao, X.F. Wang, and C. Coddet, An Investigation on Temperature Distribution Within the Substrate and Nozzle Wall in Cold Spraying by Numerical and Experimental Methods, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21, p 41-48
S. Yin, X. Wang, W. Li, and Y. Li, Numerical Study on the Effect of Substrate Size on the Supersonic Jet Flow and Temperature Distribution Within the Substrate in Cold Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21, p 628-635
A.S. Alhulaifi, G.A. Buck, and W.J. Arbegast, Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Cold Spray Gas Dynamic Effects for Polymer Coating, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21, p 852-862
A.S. Alhulaifi and G.A. Buck, A Simplified Approach for the Determination of Critical Velocity for Cold Spray Processes, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2014, 23, p 1259-1269
W.Y. Li, C. Zhang, X.P. Guo, G. Zhang, H.L. Liao, C.J. Li et al., Effect of Standoff Distance on Coating Deposition Characteristics in Cold Spraying, Mater. Des., 2008, 29, p 297-304
X. Wang, S. Yin, and B.P. Xu, Effect of Cold Spray Particle Conditions and Optimal Standoff Distance on Impact Velocity, J. Dalian Univ. Technol., 2011, 51, p 498-504
C.J.L.W.Y. Li, Optimization of Spray Conditions in Cold Spraying Based on the Numerical Analysis of Particle Velocity, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China., 2004, 14, p 43-48
H.B. Jung, J.I. Park, S.H. Park, H.J. Kim, C.H. Lee, and J.W. Han, Effect of the Expansion Ratio and Length Ratio on a Gas-Particle Flow in a Converging-Diverging Cold Spray Nozzle, Met. Mater. Int., 2009, 15, p 967-970
X. Wang, B. Zhang, J. Lv, and S. Yin, Investigation on the Clogging Behavior and Additional Wall Cooling for the Axial-Injection Cold Spray Nozzle, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2015, 24, p 696-701
W. Tang, J. Liu, Q. Chen, X. Zhang, and Z. Chen, The Effects of Two Gas Flow Streams with Initial Temperature and Pressure Differences in Cold Spraying Nozzle, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2014, 240, p 86-95
T.C. Jen, L. Li, W. Cui, Q. Chen, and X. Zhang, Numerical Investigations on Cold Gas Dynamic Spray Process with Nano- and Microsize Particles, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 2005, 48, p 4384-4396
M. Meyer and R. Lupoi, An Analysis of the Particulate Flow in Cold Spray Nozzles, Mech. Sci., 2015, 6, p 127-136
X.J. Ning, Q.S. Wang, Z. Ma, and H.J. Kim, Numerical Study of In-flight Particle Parameters in Low-Pressure Cold Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19, p 1211-1217
S. Yin, Q. Liu, H. Liao, and X. Wang, Effect of Injection Pressure on Particle Acceleration, Dispersion and Deposition in Cold Spray, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2014, 90, p 7-15
J.J. Park, M.W. Lee, S.S. Yoon, H.Y. Kim, S.C. James, S.D. Heister, S. Chandra, W.H. Yoon, D.S. Park, and J. Ryu, Supersonic Nozzle Flow Simulations for Particle Coating Applications: Effects of Shockwaves, Nozzle Geometry, Ambient Pressure, and Substrate Location Upon Flow Characteristics, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, p 514-522
S. Yin, X. Suo, H. Liao, Z. Guo, and X. Wang, Significant Influence of Carrier Gas Temperature During the Cold Spray Process, Surf. Eng., 2014, 30, p 443-450
X. Suo, S. Yin, M.P. Planche, T. Liu, and H. Liao, Strong Effect of Carrier Gas Species on Particle Velocity During Cold Spray Processes, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2014, 268, p 90-93
T.C. Jen, L. Pan, L. Li, Q. Chen, and W. Cui, The Acceleration of Charged Nano-Particles in Gas Stream of Supersonic De-Lavel-Type Nozzle Coupled with Static Electric Field, Appl. Therm. Eng., 2007, 27, p 2877-2885
G. Huang, D. Gu, X. Li, and L. Xing, Computational Simulation on a Coaxial Substream Powder Feeding Laval Nozzle of Cold Spraying, Mater. Sci., 2014, 20, p 271-276
R. Huang and H. Fukanuma, Study of the Influence of Particle Velocity on Adhesive Strength of Cold Spray Deposits, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21, p 541-549
R. Lupoi and W. O’Neill, Powder Stream Characteristics in Cold Spray Nozzles, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 206, p 1069-1076
D.M. Chun, J.O. Choi, C.S. Lee, and S.H. Ahn, Effect of Stand-Off Distance for Cold Gas Spraying of Fine Ceramic Particles (<5 μm) Under Low Vacuum and Room Temperature Using Nano-Particle Deposition System (NPDS), Surf. Coat. Technol., 2012, 206, p 2125-2132
A. Sova, A. Okunkova, S. Grigoriev, and I. Smurov, Velocity of the Particles Accelerated by a Cold Spray Micronozzle: Experimental Measurements and Numerical Simulation, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2013, 22, p 75-80
M. Karimi, G. Rankin, and A. Fartaj, Parametric Study of Exhaust Pattern in Cold Spray Using CFD and Particle-Wall Impact Analysis, J. Appl. Fluid Mech., 2014, 7, p 75-87
B. Samareh and A. Dolatabadi, Dense Particulate Flow in a Cold Gas Dynamic Spray System, J. Fluids Eng., 2008, 130, p 081702
H. Takana, K. Ogawa, T. Shoji, and H. Nishiyama, Computational Simulation of Cold Spray Process Assisted by Electrostatic Force, Powder Technol., 2008, 185, p 116-123
S. Li, B. Muddle, M. Jahedi, and J. Soria, A Numerical Investigation of the Cold Spray Process Using Underexpanded and overexpanded Jets, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21, p 108-120
V.I. Zapryagaev, A.N. Kudryavtsev, A.V. Lokotko, A.V. Solotchin, A.A. Pavlov, and A. Hadjadj, An Experimental and Numerical Study of a Supersonic-Jet Shock-Wave Structure, Proceedings of the XI International Conference on the Methods of Aerophysical Research, 2002, Russia, p 187-191
S.A. Morsi and A.J. Alexander, An Investigation of Particle Trajectories in Two-Phase Flow Systems, J. Fluid Mech., 1972, 55, p 193-208
R. Clift, J.R. Grace, and M.E. Weber, Bubbles, Drops, and Particles, Academic Press, New York, 1978
A. Haider and O. Levenspiel, Drag Coefficient and Terminal Velocity of Spherical and Nonspherical Particles, Power Technol., 1989, 58, p 63-70
C.T. Crowe, Drag Coefficient of Particles in a Rocket Nozzle, AIAA J., 1967, 5, p 1021-1022
C.B. Henderson, Drag Coefficients of Spheres in Continuum and Rarefied Flows, AIAA J., 1976, 14, p 707-708
K.W. Thompson, Time-Dependent Boundary Conditions for Hyperbolic Systems II, J. Comput. Phys., 1990, 89, p 439-461
A. Fluent, User’ Guide, USA, 2014.
C. Crowe, M. Sommerfeld, and Y. Tsuji, Multiphase Flows with Droplets and Particles, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1998
L. Schiller and N. Naumann, A Drag Coefficient Correlation, VDI, Zeits, 1933, 77, p 318-320
S. Yin, Y. Sun, X. Wang, Z. Guo, and H. Liao, Effect of Spray Angle on Temperature Distribution Within the Metallic Substrate in Cold Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2013, 22, p 983-991
H. Katanoda, Numerical Simulation of Temperature Uniformity within Solid Particles in Cold Spray, J. Solid Mech. Mater. Eng., 2008, 2, p 58-69
M.P. Dewar, A.G. McDonald, and A.P. Gerlich, Interfacial Heating During Low-Pressure Cold-Gas Dynamic Spraying of Aluminum Coatings, J. Mater. Sci., 2012, 47, p 184-198
W.E. Ranz and W.R.M. Jr., Evaporation from Drops Part I, Chem. Eng. Prog., 1952, 48, p 141-146
G.A. Hughmark, Mass and Heat Transfer from Rigid Sphere, AlChE J., 1967, 13, p 1219-1221
D.J. Carlson and P.L. Chambre, Particle Drag and Heat Transfer in Rocket Nozzles, AIAA J., 1964, 2, p 1980-1984
Y.P. Wan, V. Prasad, G.-X. Wang, S. Sampath, and J.R. Fincke, Model and Powder Particle Heating, Melting, Resolidification, and Evaporation in Plasma Spraying Processes, J. Heat Transf., 1999, 121, p 691-699
M.W. Lee, J.J. Park, D.Y. Kim, S.S. Yoon, H.Y. Kim, D.H. Kim, S.C. James, S.C. Chandra, S. Coyle, J.H. Ryu, W.H. Yoon, and D.S. Park, Optimization of Supersonic Nozzle Flow for Titanium Dioxide Thin-Film Coating by Aerosol Deposition, J. Aerosol Sci., 2011, 42, p 771-780
F. Gärtner, T. Stoltenhoff, T. Schmidt, and H. Kreye, The Cold Spray Process and Its Potential for Industrial Applications, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15, p 223-232
T. Schmidt, H. Assadi, F. Gärtner, H. Richter, T. Stoltenhoff, H. Kreye, and T. Klessen, From Particle Acceleration to Impact and Bonding in Cold Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18, p 794-808
T. Schmidt, F. Gaertner, and H. Kreye, New Developments in Cold Spray Based on Higher Gas and Particle Temperatures, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15, p 488-494
D.L. Gilmore, R.C. Dykhuizen, R.A. Neiser, T.J. Roemer, and M.F. Smith, Particle Velocity and Deposition Efficiency in the Cold Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1999, 8, p 576-582
R. Nickel, K. Bobzin, E. Lugscheider, D. Parkot, W. Varava, H. Olivier, and X. Luo, Numerical Studies of the Application of Shock Tube Technology for Cold Gas Dynamic Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16, p 729-735
S. Yin, X. Suo, Z. Guo, H. Liao, and X. Wang, Deposition Features of Cold Sprayed Copper Particles on Preheated Substrate, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2015, 268, p 252-256
M. Fukumoto, H. Wada, K. Tanabe, M. Yamada, E. Yamaguchi, A. Niwa, M. Suglmoto, and M. Lzawa, Effect of Substrate Temperature on Deposition Behavior of Copper Particles on Substrate Surfaces in the Cold Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16, p 643-650
S. Yin, X. Suo, Y. Xie, W. Li, R. Lupoi, and H. Liao, Effect of Substrate Temperature on Interfacial Bonding for Cold Spray of Ni onto Cu, J. Mater. Sci., 2015, 50, p 7448-7457
A.N. Ryabinin, E. Irissou, A. McDonald, and J.G. Legoux, Simulation of Gas-Substrate Heat Exchange During Cold-Gas Dynamic Spraying, Int. J. Therm. Sci., 2012, 56, p 12-18
S.V. Klinkov, V.F. Kosarev, and V.N. Zaikovskii, Influence of Flow Swirling and Exit Shape of Barrel Nozzle on Cold Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, p 837-844
W. Wong, E. Irissou, A.N. Ryabinin, J.G. Legoux, and S. Yue, Influence of Helium and Nitrogen Gases on the Properties of Cold Gas Dynamic Sprayed Pure Titanium Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, p 213-226
H. Katanoda, T. Matsuoka, and K. Matsuo, Experimental Study on Shock Wave Structures in Constant-Area Passage of Cold Spray Nozzle, J. Therm. Sci., 2007, 16, p 40-45
M.F. Smith, T.J. O’Hern, J.E. Brockmann, R.A. Neiser, T.J. Roemer, A Comparison of Two Laser-Based Diagnostics for Analysis of Particles in Thermal Spray Streams, Advanced Thermal Spray Science Technology, ASM International, USA, 1995, p 105-110
S.H. Zahiri, W. Yang, and M. Jahedi, Characterization of Cold Spray Titanium Supersonic Jet, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18, p 110-117
S.H. Zahiri, C.I. Antonio, and M. Jahedi, Elimination of Porosity in Directly Fabricated Titanium Via Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, 209, p 922-929
A. List, F. Gärtner, T. Schmidt, and T. Klassen, Impact Conditions for Cold Spraying of Hard Metallic Glasses, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21, p 531-540
V.K. Champagne, D. Helfritch, P. Leyman, S. Grendahl, and B. Klotz, Interface Material Mixing Formed by the Deposition of Copper on Aluminum by Means of the Cold Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2005, 14, p 330-334
H. Fukanuma, N. Ohno, B. Sun, and R. Huang, In-flight Particle Velocity Measurements with DPV-2000 in Cold Spray, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, p 1935-1941
J.G. Legoux, E. Irissou, and C. Moreau, Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Formation Mechanism of Cold-Sprayed Aluminum, Zinc and Tin Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16, p 619-626
L. Ajdelsztajn, B. Jodoin, P. Richer, E. Sansoucy, and E.J. Lavernia, Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying of Iron-Base Amorphous Alloy, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15, p 495-500
B. Jodoin, L. Ajdelsztajn, E. Sansoucy, A. Zúñiga, P. Richer, and E.J. Lavernia, Effect of Particle Size, Morphology, and Hardness on Cold Gas Dynamic Sprayed Aluminum Alloy Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, p 3422-3429
J. Wu, H. Fang, S. Yoon, H. Kim, and C. Lee, Measurement of Particle Velocity and Characterization of Deposition in Aluminum Alloy Kinetic Spraying Process, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2005, 252, p 1368-1377
A.G. McDonald, A.N. Ryabinin, E. Irissou, and J.G. Legoux, Gas-Substrate Heat Exchange During Cold-Gas Dynamic Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2013, 22, p 391-397
S. Yin, X.F. Wang, X.K. Suo, H.L. Liao, Z.W. Guo, W.Y. Li, and C. Coddet, Deposition Behavior of Thermally Softened Copper Particles in Cold Spraying, Acta Mater., 2013, 61, p 5105-5118
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yin, S., Meyer, M., Li, W. et al. Gas Flow, Particle Acceleration, and Heat Transfer in Cold Spray: A review. J Therm Spray Tech 25, 874–896 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-016-0406-8
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-016-0406-8