Abstract
The room-temperature eco-friendly electrochemical surface treatment of medical-grade stainless steels in ethaline, a eutectic mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol in a molar ratio of 1:2, is investigated in this work. High levels of brightness, smoothness and corrosion resistance of the surfaces of the stainless steels Mn AISI, AISI 316Ti, and AISI 304 can be achieved by using the technique of anodic treatment in ethaline. The surface smoothing of the steel samples due to the dissolution of defects and inhomogeneities, and the enrichment of the electropolished surfaces with chromium and nickel, resulted in increased corrosion resistance and bioresistance. The results of the experiments demonstrated that with anodic treatment in ethaline it is possible to decrease the amount of the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans microorganisms on the surfaces of the steel samples by a factor of up to 75. Thus, the deep eutectic solvent ethaline is a highly promising medium for significantly improving corrosion resistance and bioresistance of medical-grade stainless steels by anodic treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Xiao, Y.M. Chen, M.N. Biao, X.D. Zhang, and B.C. Yang, Bio-Functionalization of Biomedical Metals, Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl., 2017, 70, p 1057–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.067
H. Hermawan, D. Ramdan, and J. Djuansjah, Metals for biomedical applications, in R. Fazel-Rezai (Ed.), Biomedical Engineering—From Theory to Applications (2011) pp. 411–430. ISBN 978-953-307-637-9.
H. Zhang, J. Han, Y. Sun, Y. Huang, and M. Zhou, MC3T3-E1 Cell Response to Stainless Steel 316L with Different Surface Treatments, Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl., 2015, 56, p 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.06.017
A. Bekmurzayeva, W.J. Duncanson, H.S. Azevedo, and D. Kanayeva, Surface Modification of Stainless Steel for Biomedical Applications: Revisiting a Century-Old Material, Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 2018, 93, p 1073–1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.08.049
Q.Z. Chen and G.A. Thouas, Metallic Implant Biomaterials, Mater. Sci. Eng. R: Rep., 2015, 87, p 1–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2014.10.001
S.-J. Lee and J.-J. Lai, The Effects of Electropolishing (EP) Process Parameters on Corrosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 140(1–3), p 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00785-4
C.L. Faust, Electropolishing—Stainless Steel Part II, Met. Finish., 1983, 140, p 53–56
T. Hryniewicz, Concept of Microsmoothing in the Electropolishing Process, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1994, 64, p 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(09)90006-8
K.B. Hensel, Surface Treatments—Electropolishing, Met. Finish., 1999, 97(1), p 440–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0576(00)83104-9
C.L. Faust, Electropolishing—Stainless Steel. Part I, Met. Finish., 1982, 140, p 21–25
E.T.J. Rochford, R.G. Richards, and T.F. Moriarty, Influence of Material on the Development of Device-Associated Infections, Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2012, 18(12), p 1162–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.04002.x
K. Bohinc, G. Dražić, A. Abram, M. Jevšnik, B. Jeršek, D. Nipič, M. Kurinčič, and P. Raspor, Metal Surface Characteristics Dictate Bacterial Adhesion Capacity, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 2016, 68, p 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.01.008
L.G. Harris and R.G. Richards, Staphylococci and Implant Surfaces: A Review, Inj. Int. J. Care Inj., 2006, 37, p S3–S14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2006.04.003
C. Jullien, T. Benezech, B. Carpentier, V. Lebret, and C. Faille, Identification of Surface Characteristics Relevant to the Hygienic Status of Stainless Steel for the Food Industry, J. Food Eng., 2003, 56(1), p 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00150-4
A.M. Awad, E.A. Ghazy, S.A. Abo El-Enin, and M.G. Mahmoud, Electropolishing of AISI-304 Stainless Steel for Protection Against SRB Biofilm, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2012, 206(14), p 3165–3172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.11.046
C.-C. Lin, C.-C. Hu, and T.-C. Lee, Electropolishing of 304 Stainless Steel: Interactive Effects of Glycerol Content, Bath Temperature, and Current Density on Surface Roughness and Morphology, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2009, 204(4), p 448–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.08.005
E.M. Gabreab, G. Hinds, S. Fearn, D. Hodgson, J. Millichamp, P.R. Shearing, and D.J.L. Brett, An Electrochemical Treatment to Improve Corrosion and Contact Resistance of Stainless Steel Bipolar Plates Used in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, J. Power Sour., 2014, 245, p 1014–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.07.041
S. Habibzadeh, L. Li, D. Shum-Tim, E.C. Davis, and S. Omanovic, Electrochemical Polishing as a 316L Stainless Steel Surface Treatment Method: Towards the Improvement of Biocompatibility, Corros. Sci., 2014, 87, p 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2014.06.010
C. Rotty, A. Mandroyan, M.-L. Doche, and J.Y. Hihn, Anodic Treatment of CuZn Brasses and 316L Stainless Steels: Influence of Alloy Composition or Preparation Process (ALM vs Standard Method), Surf. Coat. Technol., 2016, 307, p 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.08.076
Z. Rahman, K.M. Deen, L. Cano, and W. Haider, The Effects of Parametric Changes in Electropolishing Process on Surface Properties of 316L Stainless Steel, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 410, p 432–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.03.081
E.M. Beamud, P.J. Nunez, E. Garcia- Plaza, D. Rodriguez, A. Gonzalez, and J. Garcia, Impact of Electrolyte Concentration on Surface Gloss in Electropolished Stainless Steel, Proc. Manuf., 2017, 13, p 663–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.140
P. Lopez-Ruiz, M.B. Garcia-Blanco, G. Vara, I. Fernandez-Pariente, M. Guagliano, and S. Bagherifard, Obtaining Tailored Surface Characteristics by Combining Shot Peening and Electropolishing on 316L Stainless Steel, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2019, 492, p 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.06.042
W. Han and F. Fang, Two-Step Electropolishing of 316L Stainless Steel in a Sulfuric Acid-Free Electrolyte, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2020, 279, p 116558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116558
Q.H. Zhang, K.D. Vigier, S. Royer, and F. Jerome, Deep Eutectic Solvents: Syntheses, Properties And Applications, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41(21), p 7108–7146. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35178a
E.L. Smith, A.P. Abbott, and K.S. Ryder, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Applications, Chem. Rev., 2014, 114, p 11060–11082. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300162p
A. Paiva, R. Craveiro, I. Aroso, M. Martins, R.L. Reis, and A.R.C. Duarte, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents—Solvents for the 21st Century, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2014, 2, p 1063–1071. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500096j
A.P. Abbott, G. Capper, D.L. Davies, R.K. Rasheed, and V. Tambyrajah, Novel Solvent Properties of Choline Chloride/Urea Mixtures, Chem. Commun., 2003, 99, p 70–71. https://doi.org/10.1039/B210714G
A.P. Abbott, G. Capper, K.J. McKenzie, and K.S. Ryder, Voltammetric and Impedance Studies of the Electropolishing of Type 316 Stainless Steel in a Choline Chloride Based Ionic Liquid, Electrochim. Acta, 2006, 51, p 4420–4425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2005.12.030
A.P. Abbott, G. Capper, K.J. McKenzie, A. Glidle, and K.S. Ryder, Electropolishing of Stainless Steels in a Choline Chloride Based Ionic Liquid: An Electrochemical Study with Surface Characterisation Using SEM and Atomic Force Microscopy, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2006, 8, p 4214–4221. https://doi.org/10.1039/b607763n
K. Alrbaey, D.I. Wimpenny, A.A. Al-Barzinjy, and A. Moroz, Electropolishing of Remelted SLM Stainless Steel 316L Parts Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: 393 Full Factorial Design, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 2836–2846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2140-2
A.J. Goddard, R.C. Harris, S. Saleem, M. Azam, C. Hood, D. Clark, J. Satchwell, and K.S. Ryder, Electropolishing and Electrolytic Etching of Ni-Based HIP Consolidated Aerospace Forms: A Comparison Between Deep Eutectic Solvents and Aqueous Electrolytes, Trans. Inst. Met. Finish., 2017, 95, p 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2016.1270616
W.O. Karim, A.P. Abbott, S. Cihangir, and K.S. Ryder, Electropolishing of Nickel and Cobalt in Deep Eutectic Solvents, Trans. Inst. Met. Finish., 2018, 96, p 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2018.1470400
A.A. Kityk, V.S. Protsenko, F.I. Danilov, O.V. Kun, and S.A. Korniy, Electropolishing of Aluminium in a Deep Eutectic Solvent, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2019, 375, p 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.07.018
A.A. Kityk, F.I. Danilov, V.S. Protsenko, V. Pavlik, M. Boča, and Y. Halahovets, Electropolishing of Two Kinds of Bronze in a Deep Eutectic Solvent (Ethaline), Surf. Coat. Technol., 2020, 397, p 126060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126060
D. Rublova, A.A. Kityk, N.G. Bannyk, V.S. Protsenko, and F.I. Danilov, The Influence of Various Factors on Corrosion of Mild Steel in Deep Eutectic Solvents, Mater. Today Proc., 2019, 6, p 232–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.099/
C. Ma, A. Laaksonen, C. Liu, X. Lu, and X. Ji, The Peculiar Effect of Water on Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2018, 47, p 8685–8720. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00325D
A.A. Kityk, Y.D. Rublova, A. Kelm, V.V. Malyshev, N.G. Bannyk, and I. Flis-Kabulska, Kinetics and Mechanism of Corrosion of Mild Steel in New Types of Ionic Liquids, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2018, 823, p 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.06.018
F.I. Danilov, V.S. Protsenko, A.A. Kityk, D.A. Shaiderov, E.A. Vasil’eva, U.P. Kumar, and C.J. Kennady, Electrodeposition of Nanocrystalline Nickel Coatings from a Deep Eutectic Solvent with Water Addition, Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf., 2017, 53(6), p 1131–1138. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070205118010203
E.P. De Garmo, J. Black, and R.A. Kohser, in Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley (2003) p. 223. ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
A.M. Gillum, E.Y.H. Tsay, and D.R. Kirsch, Isolation of the Candida albicans Gene for Orotidine-5′-Phosphate Decarboxylase by Complementation of S. cerevisiae ura3 and E. coli pyrF Mutations, Mol. General Genet. MGG, 1984, 198(1), p 179–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328721
M.M. Harriott and M.C. Noverr, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Form Polymicrobial Biofilms: Effects on Antimicrobial Resistance, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2009, 53(9), p 3914–3922. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00657-09
M. Bandeira, V. Borges, J.P. Gomes, A. Duarte, and L. Jordao, Insights on Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilms Assembled on Different Surfaces Using Phenotypic and Genotypic Approaches, Microorganisms, 2017, 5(2), p 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms5020016
M. Katsikogianni and Y.F. Missirlis, Concise Review of Mechanisms of Bacterial Adhesion to Biomaterials and of Techniques Used in Estimating Bacteriamaterial Interactions, Eur. Cells Mater., 2004, 8, p 37–57. https://doi.org/10.22203/eCM.v008a05
M.P. Ortega, T. Hagiwara, H. Watanabe, and T. Sakiyama, Adhesion Behavior and Removability of Escherichia coli on Stainless Steel Surface, Food Control, 2010, 21, p 573–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.08.010
S. Wu, S. Altenried, A. Zogg, F. Zuber, K. Maniura-Weber, and Q. Ren, Role of the Surface Nanoscale Roughness of Stainless Steel on Bacterial Adhesion and Microcolony Formation, ACS Omega, 2018, 3, p 6456–6464. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00769
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (Projects with registration numbers 0119U002001) and by the National Scholarship Program financed by the Slovak Republic. The financial support of the Project VEGA 02/0024/20 is also acknowledged. We thank our colleagues from the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology and Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Republic, for successful research cooperation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kityk, A.A., Pavlik, V., Boča, M. et al. Electrochemical Surface Treatment to Enhance Corrosion Resistance and Bioresistance of Medical-Grade Stainless Steels. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 29, 5985–5994 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05095-z
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05095-z