Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Investigating Additively Manufactured 17-4 PH for Structural Applications

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study takes a benchmarking approach to the processing of 17-4 PH using selective laser melting by having two facilities that use their own best practices to process materials. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is used by both facilities as part of the thermomechanical processing following printing to explore whether it can improve the consistency of mechanical properties. Results revealed that HIP reduced average porosity of 17-4 parts and that the yield strength of parts following solutionization and aging met wrought material property targets. Strain to failure of one of the facilities parts was less than 5% compared to greater than 9% for the other facility. Inspection of failure surfaces revealed this discrepancy was caused by pores (2-4% area fraction) on the failure surfaces of the low ductility parts. These results are viewed with respect to the intended application of this material as a structural element for wind tunnel testing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Does not constitute or imply the endorsement, recommendation, or favoring of the U.S. Government.

References

  1. D. Cahill, F. Steinle, and S. Richardson, Evaluation of Wind Tunnel Internal Force Balances from Multiple Vendors, in Aerospace sciences meetings (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004). https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-1292

  2. L.E. Murr, E. Martinez, J. Hernandez, S. Collins, K.N. Amato, S.M. Gaytan, and P.W. Shindo, Microstructures and Properties of 17-4 ph Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2012, 1(3), p 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2238-7854(12)70029-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. H.K. Rafi, D. Pal, N. Patil, T.L. Starr, and B.E. Stucker, Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of 17-4 Precipitation Hardenable Steel Processed by Selective Laser Melting, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2014, 23(12), p 4421–4428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1226-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. B.C. Salzbrenner, J.M. Rodelas, J.D. Madison, B.H. Jared, L.P. Swiler, Y.-L. Shen, and B.L. Boyce, High-throughput Stochastic Tensile Performance of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 241, p 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.10.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. B. AlMangour and J.-M. Yang, Improving the Surface Quality and Mechanical Properties by Shot-Peening of 17-4 Stainless Steel Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Des., 2016, 110, p 914–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.08.037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. B. AlMangour and J.-M. Yang, Integration of Heat Treatment with Shot Peening of 17-4 Stainless Steel Fabricated by Direct Metal Laser Sintering, JOM, 2017, 69(11), p 2309–2313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2538-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. B. Farber, K.A. Small, C. Allen, R.J. Causton, A. Nichols, J. Simbolick, and M.L. Taheri, Correlation of Mechanical Properties to Microstructure in Inconel 718 Fabricated by Direct Metal Laser Sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 712, p 539–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. M. Aydinöz, F. Brenne, M. Schaper, C. Schaak, W. Tillmann, J. Nellesen, and T. Niendorf, On the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Post-treated Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 Superalloy Under Quasi-Static and Cyclic Loading, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 669, p 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.05.089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. A. Kreitcberg, V. Brailovski, and S. Turenne, Effect of Heat Treatment and Hot Isostatic Pressing on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 625 Alloy Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 689, p 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.02.038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. H.V. Atkinson and S. Davies, Fundamental Aspects of Hot Isostatic Pressing: An Overview, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2000, 31(12), p 2981–3000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-000-0078-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Cheruvathur, E.A. Lass, and C.E. Campbell, Additive Manufacturing of 17-4 ph Stainless Steel: Post-processing Heat Treatment to Achieve Uniform Reproducible Microstructure, JOM, 2016, 68(3), p 930–942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1754-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. T. LeBrun, T. Nakamoto, K. Horikawa, and H. Kobayashi, Effect of Retained Austenite on Subsequent Thermal Processing and Resultant Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted 17-4 ph Stainless Steel, Mater. Des., 2015, 81, p 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. B.L. Bramfitt and A.O. Benscoter, Metallographer’s Guide: Practices and Procedures for Irons and Steels, ASM International, Materials Park, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  14. M. Murayama, K. Hono, and Y. Katayama, Microstructural Evolution in a 17-4 ph Stainless Steel After Aging at 400 C, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1999, 30(2), p 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-999-0323-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. B.L. Boyce, B.C. Salzbrenner, J.M. Rodelas, L.P. Swiler, J.D. Madison, B.H. Jared, and Y.-L. Shen, Extreme-Value Statistics Reveal Rare Failure-Critical Defects in Additive Manufacturing, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2017, 19(8), p 1700102. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201700102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Y. Sun, R.J. Hebert, and M. Aindow, Non-metallic Inclusions in 17-4 ph Stainless Steel Parts Produced by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Des., 2018, 140, p 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Z. Hu, H. Zhu, H. Zhang, and X. Zeng, Experimental Investigation on Selective Laser Melting of 17-4 ph Stainless Steel, Opt. Laser Technol., 2017, 87, p 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.07.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. L. Carneiro, B. Jalalahmadi, A. Ashtekar, and Y. Jiang, Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Behavior of Additively Manufactured 17-4 ph Stainless Steel, Int. J. Fatigue, 2019, 123, p 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.02.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. A. Yadollahi, N. Shamsaei, S.M. Thompson, A. Elwany, and L. Bian, Effects of Building Orientation and Heat Treatment on Fatigue Behavior of Selective Laser Melted 17-4 ph Stainless Steel, Int. J. Fatigue, 2017, 94, p 218–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.03.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. D.F. Susan, T.B. Crenshaw, and J.S. Gearhart, The Effects of Casting Porosity on the Tensile Behavior of Investment Cast 17-4 ph Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24(8), p 2917–2924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1594-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NASA’s Aerosciences Evaluation and Test Capabilities (AETC) Project. Thanks to Clara Mock at the Army Research Laboratory for performing the x-ray computed tomography work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Measurement and Data Systems Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA

    Devin E. Burns & Peter A. Parker

  2. Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21005, USA

    Andelle Kudzal & Brandon McWilliams

  3. Sintavia, LLC, 6545 Nova Drive, Suite 207, Davie, FL, 33317, USA

    Juan Manjarres & Doug Hedges

Authors
  1. Devin E. Burns
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andelle Kudzal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Brandon McWilliams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Juan Manjarres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Doug Hedges
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Peter A. Parker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Devin E. Burns.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Burns, D.E., Kudzal, A., McWilliams, B. et al. Investigating Additively Manufactured 17-4 PH for Structural Applications. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 28, 4943–4951 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04206-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04206-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation