Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

An Investigation into the Effects of Process Conditions on the Tribological Performance of Pack Carburized Titanium with Limited Oxygen Diffusion

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present study, a new pack carburization technique for titanium has been investigated. The aim of this treatment is to produce a titanium carbide/oxycarbide layer atop of an extended oxygen diffusion zone [α-Ti(O)]. The effects of treatment temperature and pack composition have been investigated in order to determine the optimal conditions required to grant the best tribological response. The resulting structural features were investigated with particular interest in the carbon and oxygen concentrations across the samples cross section. The optimization showed that a temperature of 925 °C with a pack composition of 1 part carbon to 1 part energizer produced surface capable of withstanding a contact pressure of ≈ 1.5 GPa for 1 h. The process resulted in TiC surface structure which offers enhanced hardness (2100 HV) and generates a low friction coefficient (μ ≈ 0.2) when in dry sliding contact with an alumina (Al2O3) ball. The process also produced an extended oxygen diffusion zone that helps to improve the load bearing capacity of the substrate.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. S. Kumar, T.S.N.S. Narayanan, S.G.S. Raman, and S.K. Seshadri, Fretting Corrosion Behaviour of Thermally Oxidized CP-Ti in Ringer’s Solution, Corros Sci, 2010, 52, p 711–721

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. É. Martin, M. Azzi, G.A. Salishchev, and J. Szpunar, Influence of Microstructure and Texture on the Corrosion and Tribocorrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V, Tribol Int, 2010, 43, p 918–924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. D.G. Bansal, O.L. Eryilmaz, and P.J. Blau, Surface Engineering to Improve the Durability and Lubricity of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy, Wear, 2011, 271, p 2006–2015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Bloyce, Surface Engineering of Titanium Alloys for Wear Protection, Proc Inst Mech Eng J, 1998, 212, p 467–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. H. Dong and T. Bell, Enhanced Wear Resistance of Titanium Surfaces by a New Thermal Oxidation Treatment, Wear, 2000, 238, p 131–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. C. Lee, A. Sanders, N. Tikekar, and K.S.R. Chandran, Tribology of Titanium Boride-Coated Titanium Balls Against Alumina Ceramic: Wear, Friction, and Micromechanisms, Wear, 2008, 265, p 375–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. B. Sarma, N.M. Tikekar, and K.S.R. Chandran, Kinetics of Growth of Superhard Boride Layers During Solid State Diffusion of Boron into Titanium, Ceram Int, 2012, 38, p 6795–6805

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. S. Barril, S. Mischler, and D. Landolt, Triboelectrochemical Investigation of the Friction and Wear Behaviour of TiN Coatings in a Neutral Solution, Tribol Int, 2001, 34, p 599–608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. A. Zhecheva, W. Sha, S. Malinov, and A. Long, Enhancing the Microstructure and Properties of Titanium Alloys Through Nitriding and Other Surface Engineering Methods, Surf Coat Technol, 2005, 200, p 2192–2207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. A. Ashrafizadeh and F. Ashrafizadeh, Structural Features and Corrosion Analysis of Thermally Oxidized Titanium, J Alloy Compd, 2009, 480, p 849–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. R. Bailey and Y. Sun, Unlubricated Sliding Friction and Wear Characteristics of Thermally Oxidized Commercially Pure Titanium, Wear, 2013, 308, p 61–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Jamesh, T.S.N.S. Narayanan, and P.K. Chu, Thermal Oxidation of Titanium: Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance as a Function of Cooling Rate, Mater Chem Phys, 2013, 138, p 565–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. P.A. Dearnley, K.L. Dahm, and H. Çimenoğlu, The Corrosion-Wear Behaviour of Thermally Oxidised CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V, Wear, 2004, 256, p 469–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Luo, H. Jiang, G. Cheng, and H. Liu, Effect of Carburization on the Mechanical Properties of Biomedical Grade Titanium Alloys, J Bionic Eng, 2011, 8, p 86–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. A. Haseeb, M.F. Islam, M.O. Alam and S. Tofail, Surface Hardening Behavior of Titanium Alloys in Carburization, Proceedings of the 1997, 126th Conference on TMS Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN, 1997

  16. N. Makuch, M. Kulka, P. Dziarski, and D. Przestacki, Laser Surface Alloying of Commercially Pure Titanium with Boron and Carbon, Opt Lasers Eng, 2014, 57, p 64–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. L. Qin, C. Liu, K. Yang, and B. Tang, Characteristics and Wear Performance of Borided Ti6Al4V Alloy Prepared by Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying, Surf Coat Technol, 2013, 225, p 92–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. G. Kartal, S. Timur, M. Urgen, and A. Erdemir, Electrochemical Boriding of Titanium for Improved Mechanical Properties, Surf Coat Technol, 2010, 204, p 3935–3939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. H. Dong and X.Y. Li, Oxygen Boost Diffusion for the Deep-Case Hardening of Titanium Alloys, Mater Sci Eng A, 2000, 280, p 303–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. R. Bailey and Y. Sun, Pack Carburisation of Commercially Pure Titanium with Limited Oxygen Diffusion for Improved Tribological Properties, Surf Coat Technol, 2015, 261, p 28–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. R.C. Sharma, Principles of Heat Treatment of Steels, New Age International, New Delhi, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  22. H. Dong, A. Bloyce, P.H. Morton, and T. Bell, Surface Engineering to Improve Tribological Performance of Ti-6Al-4V, Surf Eng, 1997, 13, p 402–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. E. Bucur and F.C. Wagner, Rate of Diffusion of Carbon in Alpha and in Beta Titanium as a Function of the Temperature and Concentration. Final technical report for period December 12, 1952-July 1, 1954, Horizons, Inc. 1954

  24. F. Borgioli, E. Galvanetto, F.P. Galliano, and T. Bacci, Air Treatment of Pure Titanium by Furnace and Glow-Discharge Processes, Surf Coat Technol, 2001, 141, p 103–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. R. Bailey and Y. Sun, Corrosion and Tribocorrosion Performance of Pack-Carburized Commercially Pure Titanium with Limited Oxygen Diffusion in a 0.9% NaCl Solution, J Bio- Tribo-Corros, 2018, 4, p 6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. L. Meier, N. Schaal, and K. Wegener, In-Process Measurement of the Coefficient of Friction on Titanium, Proc CIRP, 2017, 58, p 163–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. I. Arvanitidis, D. Siche, and S. Seetharaman, A Study of the Thermal Decomposition of BaCO3, Metall Mater Trans B, 1996, 27, p 409–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. A.K. Galwey and M.E. Brown, Thermal Decomposition of Ionic Solids: Chemical Properties and Reactivities of Ionic Crystalline Phases, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  29. J. Kim and H. Lee, Thermal and Carbothermic Decomposition of Na2CO3 and Li2CO3, Metall Mater Trans B, 2001, 32, p 17–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. B.V. L’vov, Thermal Decomposition of Solids and Melts: New Thermochemical Approach to the Mechanism, Kinetics and Methodology, Springer, Dordrecht, 2007

    Book  Google Scholar 

  31. S. Kumar, T.S.N.S. Narayanan, S.G.S. Raman, and S.K. Seshadri, Evaluation of Fretting Corrosion Behaviour of CP-Ti for Orthopaedic Implant Applications, Tribol Int, 2010, 43, p 1245–1252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. A.R. Shankar, N.S. Karthiselva, and U.K. Mudali, Thermal Oxidation of Titanium to Improve Corrosion Resistance in Boiling Nitric Acid Medium, Surf Coat Technol, 2013, 235, p 45–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. A. Maitre, D. Tetard, and P. Lefort, Role of some Technological Parameters During Carburizing Titanium Dioxide, J Eur Ceram Soc, 2000, 20, p 15–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. R.J. Van Thyne, E.S. Bumps, H.D. Kessler, and M. Hansen, Phase Diagrams of the Titanium-Aluminum, Titanium-Chromium-Iron, and Titanium-Oxygen Alloy Systems, WADC Tech Rep, 1952, 52–16, p 96

    Google Scholar 

  35. L.H. Van Vlack, Materials Science for Engineers, World Student Series, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974, p 171–173

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I (RB) would like to acknowledge the financial support of De Montfort University for providing a Ph.D. scholarship. Special thanks are also due to The Alderman Newton’s Educational Foundation, The Sidney Perry Foundation, and The Wyvernian Foundation for providing additional financial support during the course of this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Technology, School of Engineering and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK

    R. Bailey & Y. Sun

Authors
  1. R. Bailey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Y. Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Bailey.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bailey, R., Sun, Y. An Investigation into the Effects of Process Conditions on the Tribological Performance of Pack Carburized Titanium with Limited Oxygen Diffusion. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 27, 3091–3101 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3382-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3382-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation