Abstract
Tungsten(VI) oxide (WO3) nanoplates were successfully synthesized by microwave intercalation. Through microwave processing, an intermediate product H2W2O7·xH2O was prepared quickly to greatly decrease the time used to prepare WO3 nanoplates. The crystal structure and morphology of WO3 were characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, and selected-area electron diffraction. The morphology of WO3 changed with an increase in calcining temperature. A mixed-potential NO x sensor using planar yttria-stabilized zirconia and WO3 as the sensing electrode (SE) was fabricated, and its performance in NO x detection at high temperature was examined. It was determined that at 500 °C, the sensor with the WO3-nanoplate SE had higher sensitivity to NO than the sensor with a SE consisting of WO3 microparticles. The response of the NO sensor with a WO3-nanoplate SE was linear with the logarithm of NO concentration in the range of 100-1000 ppm. The electrochemical impedance measurements indicate that the electrode reaction that occurred at the triple-phase boundary (TPB) of the sensor with WO3-nanoplate SE was stronger than the reaction that occurred at the TPB of the sensor with WO3-microparticle sensing electrode.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. López-Gándara, J.M. Fernández-Sanjuán, F.M. Ramos, and A. Cirera, Role of Nanostructured WO3 in Ion-Conducting Sensors for the Detection of NO x in Exhaust Gases From Lean Combustion Engines, Solid State Ionics, 2011, 184(1), p 83–87
E. Hawe, C. Fitzpatrick, P. Chambers, G. Dooly, and E. Lewis, Hazardous Gas Detection Using an Integrating Sphere as a Multipass Gas Absorption Cell, Sens. Actuators A, 2008, 141(2), p 414–421
N. Miura, G. Lu, and N. Yamazoe, High-Temperature Potentiometric:Amperometric NO x Sensors Combining Stabilized Zirconia with Mixed-Metal Oxide Electrode, Sens. Actuators B, 1998, 52(1-2), p 169–178
G. Lu, N. Miura, and N. Yamazoe, High-Temperature Sensors for NO and NO2 Based on Stabilized Zirconia and Spinel-Type Oxide Electrodes, J. Mater. Chem., 1997, 7(8), p 1445–1449
S. Zhuiykov, T. Ono, N. Yamazoe, and N. Miura, High-Temperature NO x Sensors Using Zirconia Solid Electrolyte and Zinc-Family Oxide Sensing Electrode, Solid State Ionics, 2002, 152-153, p 801–807
N. Miura, S. Zhuiykov, T. Ono, M. Hasei, and N. Yamazoe, Mixed Potential Type Sensor Using Stabilized Zirconia and ZnFe2O4 Sensing Electrode for NO x Detection at High Temperature, Sens Actuators B, 2002, 83(1-3), p 222–229
C.O. Park, S.A. Akbar, and W. Weppner, Ceramic Electrolytes and Electrochemical Sensors, J. Mater. Sci., 2003, 38(23), p 4639–4660
N. Yamazoe and N. Miura, Potentiometric Gas Sensors for Oxidic Gases, J. Electroceram., 1998, 2(4), p 243–255
N. Miura, K. Akisada, J. Wang, S. Zhuiykov, and T. Ono, Mixed-Potential-Type NO x Sensor Based on YSZ and Zinc Oxide Sensing Electrode, Ionics, 2004, 10(1-2), p 1–9
J.W. Fergus, Materials for High Temperature Electrochemical NO x Gas Sensors, Sens. Actuators B, 2007, 121(2), p 652–663
J.-C. Yang and P.K. Dutta, Solution-Based Synthesis of Efficient WO3 Sensing Electrodes for High Temperature Potentiometric NO x Sensors, Sens. Actuators B, 2009, 136(2), p 523–529
J. Yoo, D. Oh, and E.D. Wachsman, Investigation of WO3-Based Potentiometric Sensor Performance (M/YSZ/WO3, M = Au, Pd, and TiO2) with Varying Counter Electrode, Solid State Ionics, 2008, 179(37), p 2090–2100
J. Yoo, S. Chatterjee, and E.D. Wachsman, Sensing Properties and Selectivities of a WO3/YSZ/Pt Potentiometric NO x Sensor, Sens. Actuators B, 2007, 122(2), p 644–652
J. Tamaki, A. Miyaji, J. Makinodan, S. Ogura, and S. Konishi, Effect of Micro-Gap Electrode on Detection of Dilute NO2 Using WO3 Thin Film Microsensors, Sens. Actuators B, 2005, 108(1-2), p 202–206
G. Lu, N. Miura, and N. Yamazoe, Stabilized Zirconia-Based Sensors Using WO3 Electrode for Detection of NO or NO2, Sens. Actuators B, 2000, 65(1-3), p 125–127
J.-C. Yang and P.K. Dutta, Influence of Solid-State Reactions at the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface on High-Temperature Potentiometric NO x -Gas Sensors, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 111(23), p 8307–8313
S. Bai, K. Zhang, R. Luo, D. Li, A. Chen, and C.C. Liu, Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of WO3 Nanorods and Their Sensing Properties for NO2, J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, p 12643–12650
S. Fardindoost, A.I. Zad, F. Rahimi, and R. Ghasempour, Pd Doped WO3 Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Process for Hydrogen Sensing, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 2010, 35(2), p 854–860
W.-C. Hsu, C.-C. Chan, C.-H. Peng, and C.-C. Chang, Hydrogen Sensing Characteristics of an Electrodeposited WO3 Thin Film Gasochromic Sensor Activated by Pt Catalyst, Thin Solid Films, 2007, 516(2-4), p 407–411
C. Wongchoosuk, A. Wisitsoraat, D. Phokharatkul, A. Tuantranont, and T. Kerdcharoen, Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Doped Tungsten Oxide Thin Films for Hydrogen Gas Sensing, Sensors, 2010, 10(8), p 7705–7715
M.H. Yaacob, M. Breedon, K. Kalantar-zadeh, and W. Wlodarski, Absorption Spectral Response of Nanotextured WO3 Thin Films with Pt Catalyst Towards H2, Sens. Actuators B, 2009, 137(1), p 115–120
D. Chen, L. Gao, A. Yasumori, K. Kuroda, and Y. Sugahara, Size- and Shape-Controlled Conversion of Tungstate-Based Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Belts to WO3 Nanoplates with High Specific Surface Areas, Small, 2008, 4(10), p 1813–1822
D.-L. Chen, H.-L. Wang, R. Zhang, S.-K. Guan, H.-X. Lu, H.-L. Xu, D.-Y. Yang, Y. Sugahara, and L. Gao, Synthesis, Characterization and Formation Mechanism of Single-Crystal WO3 Nanosheets Via an Intercalation-Chemistry-Based Route, Chem. J. Chin. Univ., 2008, 29(7), p 1325–1330 [in Chinese]
D. Chen and Y. Sugahara, Tungstate-Based Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Nanobelts/Nanotubes with Lamellar Mesostructures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Formation Mechanism, Chem. Mater., 2007, 19(7), p 1808–1815
D. Chen, M. Liu, L. Yin, T. Li, Z. Yang, X. Li, B. Fan, H. Wang, R. Zhang, Z. Li, H. Xu, H. Lu, D. Yang, J. Sune, and L. Gao, Single-Crystalline MoO3 Nanoplates: Topochemical Synthesis and Enhanced Ethanol-Sensing Performance, J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21(25), p 9332–9342
M. Waller, T. Townsend, J. Zhao, E. Sabio, R.L. Chamousis, N.D. Browning, and F.E. Osterloh, Single-Crystal Tungsten Oxide Nanosheets: Photochemical Water Oxidation in the Quantum Confinement Regime, Chem. Mater., 2012, 24(4), p 698–704
M. Kudo, H. Ohkawa, W. Sugimoto, N. Kumada, Z. Liu, O. Terasaki, and Y. Sugahara, A Layered Tungstic Acid H2W2O7·nH2O with a Double-Octahedral Sheet Structure: Conversion Process From an Aurivillius Phase Bi2W2O9 and Structural Characterization, Inorg. Chem., 2003, 42(14), p 4479–4484
D. Chen, X. Hou, T. Li, L. Yin, B. Fan, H. Wang, X. Li, H. Xu, H. Lu, R. Zhang, and J. Sun, Effects of Morphologies on Acetone-Sensing Properties of Tungsten Trioxide Nanocrystals, Sens Actuators B, 2011, 153(2), p 373–381
D. Chen, X. Hou, H. Wen, Y. Wang, H. Wang, X. Li, R. Zhang, H. Lu, H. Xu, S. Guan, J. Sun, and L. Gao, The Enhanced Alcohol-Sensing Response of Ultrathin WO3 Nanoplates, Nanotechnology, 2010, 21(3), p 035501–035512
D. Chen, L. Yin, L. Ge, B. Fan, R. Zhang, J. Sun, and Guosheng Shao, Low-Temperature and Highly Selective NO-Sensing Performance of WO3 Nanoplates Decorated with Silver Nanoparticles, Sens. Actuators B, 2013, 185, p 445–455
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tu, Y., Li, Q., Jiang, D. et al. Microwave Intercalation Synthesis of WO3 Nanoplates and Their NO-Sensing Properties. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 24, 274–279 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1250-y
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1250-y