Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Influence of Friction on the Processing of Ultrafine-Grained/Nanostructured Materials by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The influence of friction on the mechanical properties, physical properties, and microstructure of the processed billets by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was investigated in this work. Selecting the lubricants from different available lubricants which were the agents to change the friction in the process was based on the ring compression test. Simple tensile tests showed that ductility was improved more than 16%, which was accompanied with almost constant yield strength and ultimate strength by increasing the friction coefficient. In addition, about 4.6% more impact energy was absorbed in the impact test. Microhardness values were recorded on the longitudinal and cross-sectional planes of each billet to evaluate the degree of the homogeneity of the mechanical properties. The results obtained from microhardness measurement confirmed that there was a little enhancement in the homogeneity of the work-piece on its longitudinal plane by increasing the friction. However, the homogeneity of the work-piece on its cross-sectional plane decreased by increasing the friction coefficient. Assessment of the microstructure of different samples showed considerable influence of the ECAP process on the elimination of pores and cavities in the billets. In addition, density measurements indicated that the size of the pores within the bulk material was decreased as the friction was increased.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. V.M. Segal, Materials Processing by Simple Shear, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1995, 197(2), p 157–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. E. López-Chipres, E. García-Sanchez, E. Ortiz-Cuellar, M.A.L. Hernandez-Rodriguez, and R. Colás, Optimization of the Severe Plastic Deformation Processes for the Grain Refinement of Al6060 Alloy Using 3D FEM Analysis, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2010, doi:10.1007/s11665-010-9783-1

    Google Scholar 

  3. H.G. Salem and J.S. Lyons, Effect of Equal Channel Angular Extrusion on the Microstructure and Superplasticity of an Al-Li Alloy, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2002, 11(4), p 384–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. K. Narooei and A. Karimi Taheri, A New Model for Prediction the Strain Field and Extrusion Pressure in ECAE Process of Circular Cross Section, Appl. Math. Model., 2010, 34(7), p 1901–1917

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. J. Alkorta and J. Gil Sevillano, A Comparison of FEM and Upper-Bound Type Analysis of Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP), J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 141(3), p 313–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. H.J. Hu, Simulations of Isothermal ECAE for Magnesium Alloy Using FEM Software and Experimental Validations, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2012, 14(3), p 181–187

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. Luri, C.J. Luis Pérez, D. Salcedo, I. Puertas, J. León, I. Pérez, and J.P. Fuertes, Evolution of Damage in AA-5083 Processed by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Using Different Die Geometries, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2011, 211(1), p 48–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. N.E. Mahallawy, F.A. Shehata, M.A.E. Hameed, M.I.A.E. Aal, and H.S. Kim, 3D FEM Simulations for the Homogeneity of Plastic Deformation in Al-Cu Alloys During ECAP, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527(6), p 1404–1410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. E. Cerri, P.P. De Marco, and P. Leo, FEM and Metallurgical Analysis of Modified 6082 Aluminium Alloys Processed by Multipass ECAP: Influence of Material Properties and Different Process Settings on Induced Plastic Strain, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, 209(3), p 1550–1564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Wang, W. Liang, Y. Wang, L. Bian, and K. Chen, A Modified Die for Equal Channel Angular Pressing, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, 209(7), p 3182–3186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A.V. Nagasekhar, S.C. Yoon, Y. Tick-Hon, and H.S. Kim, An Experimental Verification of the Finite Element Modelling of Equal Channel Angular Pressing, Comput. Mater. Sci, 2009, 46(2), p 347–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. R.B. Figueiredo, P.R. Cetlin, and T.G. Langdon, The Evolution of Damage in Perfect-Plastic and Strain Hardening Materials Processed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, 518(1-2), p 124–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. S.C. Yoon, M.H. Seo, and H.S. Kim, Preform Effect on the Plastic Deformation Behavior of Workpieces in Equal Channel Angular Pressing, Scripta Mater., 2006, 55(2), p 159–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. C.J. Luis-Pérez, R. Luri-Irigoyen, and D. Gastón-Ochoa, Finite Element Modelling of an Al-Mn Alloy by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE), J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2004, 153-154, p 846–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. C.J. LuisPérez, P. González, and Y. Garcés, Equal Channel Angular Extrusion in a Commercial Al-Mn Alloy, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 143-144, p 506–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. C. Xu, T. Langdon, Z. Horita, and M. Furukawa, Using Equal-Channel Angular Pressing for the Production of Superplastic Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2004, 13(6), p 683–690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. P.B. Prangnell, C. Harris, and S.M. Roberts, Finite Element Modelling of Equal Channel Angular Extrusion, Scripta Mater., 1997, 37(7), p 983–989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Y.-L. Yang and S. Lee, Finite Element Analysis of Strain Conditions After Equal Channel Angular Extrusion, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 140(1-3), p 583–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. S. Li, M.A.M. Bourke, I.J. Beyerlein, D.J. Alexander, and B. Clausen, Finite Element Analysis of the Plastic Deformation Zone and Working Load in Equal Channel Angular Extrusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, 382(1-2), p 217–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. T. Suo, Y. Li, Y. Guo, and Y. Liu, The Simulation of Deformation Distribution During ECAP Using 3D Finite Element Method, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, 432(1-2), p 269–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. S. Xu, G. Zhao, X. Ma, and G. Ren, Finite Element Analysis and Optimization of Equal Channel Angular Pressing for Producing Ultra-fine Grained Materials, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2007, 184(1-3), p 209–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. H.S. Kim, Finite Element Analysis of Equal Channel Angular Pressing Using a Round Corner Die, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2001, 315(1-2), p 122–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. B.S. Altan, G. Purcek, and I. Miskioglu, An Upper-Bound Analysis for Equal-Channel Angular Extrusion, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2005, 168(1), p 137–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. A.V. Nagasekhar, Y. Tick-Hon, S. Li, and H.P. Seow, Stress and Strain Histories in Equal Channel Angular Extrusion/Pressing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, 423(1-2), p 143–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. F. Djavanroodi and M. Ebrahimi, Effect of Die Channel Angle, Friction and Back Pressure in the Equal Channel Angular Pressing Using 3D Finite Element Simulation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527(4-5), p 1230–1235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. T. Robinson, H. Ou, and C.G. Armstrong, Study on Ring Compression Test Using Physical Modelling and FE Simulation, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2004, 153-154, p 54–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. M. Prell, C. Xu, and T.G. Langdon, The Evolution of Homogeneity on Longitudinal Sections During Processing by ECAP, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 480(1-2), p 449–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. S. Dumoulin, H.J. Roven, J.C. Werenskiold, and H.S. Valberg, Finite Element Modeling of Equal Channel Angular Pressing: Effect of Material Properties, Friction and Die Geometry, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, 410-411, p 248–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. I. Balasundar and T. Raghu, Effect of Friction Model in Numerical Analysis of Equal Channel Angular Pressing Process, Mater. Des., 2010, 31(1), p 449–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. F. Djavanroodi and M. Ebrahimi, Effect of Die Parameters and Material Properties in ECAP with Parallel Channels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527(29-30), p 7593–7599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. A.R. Eivani and A. Karimi Taheri, The Effect of Dead Metal Zone Formation on Strain and Extrusion Force During Equal Channel Angular Extrusion, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2008, 42(1), p 14–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. J.K. Kim, H.K. Kim, J.W. Park, and W.J. Kim, Large Enhancement in Mechanical Properties of the 6061 Al Alloys After a Single Pressing by ECAP, Scripta Mater., 2005, 53(10), p 1207–1211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. P.W.J. McKenzie and R. Lapovok, ECAP with Back Pressure for Optimum Strength and Ductility in Aluminium Alloy 6016. Part 2: Mechanical Properties and Texture, Acta Mater., 2010, 58(9), p 3212–3222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. I.-H. Son, J.-H. Lee, and Y.-T. Im, Finite Element Investigation of Equal Channel Angular Extrusion with Back Pressure, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2006, 171(3), p 480–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. N. Medeiros, J.F.C. Lins, L.P. Moreira, and J.P. Gouvêa, The Role of the Friction During the Equal Channel Angular Pressing of an IF-Steel Billet, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 489(1-2), p 363–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. A. Shan, I.-G. Moon, and J.-W. Park, Estimation of Friction During Equal Channel Angular (ECA) Pressing of Aluminum Alloys, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2002, 122(2-3), p 255–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. A. Shokuhfar and O. Nejadseyfi, A Comparison of the Effects of Severe Plastic Deformation and Heat Treatment on the Tensile Properties and Impact Toughness of Aluminum Alloy 6061, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 594, p 140–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council (INIC) and K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, for the financial support and research facilities used in this work. Also, they acknowledge the help of Mr. Naeem who was in-charge of machine-shop, at that university for performing the experimental tests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

    A. Shokuhfar & O. Nejadseyfi

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, 19395-1999, Tehran, Iran

    O. Nejadseyfi

Authors
  1. A. Shokuhfar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. O. Nejadseyfi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to O. Nejadseyfi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shokuhfar, A., Nejadseyfi, O. The Influence of Friction on the Processing of Ultrafine-Grained/Nanostructured Materials by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 23, 1038–1048 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-013-0849-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-013-0849-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation