Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Post-mortem Ladle Shroud Analysis from the Casting of Al-Killed Steel: Microstructures and Origin of Alumina Clogging Deposits

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This work presents post-mortem microstructural analysis on the inner surfaces of single-use ladle shrouds of a ten-heat casting series of Ti-alloyed, Al-killed IF steel, in continuation of earlier work on the origin of alumina clogging formation in the casting system. It is found that ladle shrouds can be used as a representative sampler of materials exiting the ladle during the casting, which can be used to extract useful information about processes taking place in the shrouds and lower ladle during casting. All shrouds showed no ladle glaze emission but significant clog-like deposition of alumina. The alumina particles occur in two main forms (NMI embedded in the steel and alumina powder) and show the same two PDF populations (small Population I and coarse Population II) with the cross over at 5 µm, as the alumina particles found in the tundish clog of the same cast series. Detailed characterisation of inclusions in the shrouds revealed metal sub-inclusions containing Cr and Si, also similar to the tundish clogs. Thus, the hypothesis that the coarser population originates from the local oxidation of the steel in ladle bottom interface and ladle well region, including the well filler sand, is evidenced in this study. The fine Population I (often associated with dendritic and planar shapes) seen in the tundish clog, appears to be related to local carbothermic reaction in the ladle shrouds. Microstructures found on the surfaces on the shrouds are extensively shown and characterised.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

taken from the white box, with a scale bar of 50 µm. The gap between the steel and alumina powder visible on both panels is an artefact resulting from separation between the deposits and the underlying refractory during cooling

Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. G.C. Duderstadt, R.K. Iyengar, J.M. Matesa, J. Met. 20, 89–94 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  2. S. Basu, S.K. Choudhary, N.U. Girase, ISIJ Int. 44, 1653–1660 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Nadif, J. Lehmann, M. Burty, J.F. Domgin, Rev. Met. Paris 104, 493–500 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J.H. Lee, M.H. Kang, S.K. Kim, J.H. Kim, M.S. Kim, Y.B. Kang, ISIJ Int. 59, 749–758 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Burty, L. Peeters, E. Perrin, S. Münzer, P. Colucci, D. Salvadori, F. Schadow, J.M. Valcarcel, J. Claes, Rev. Met. Paris 102, 745–751 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. J.H. Lee, Y.B. Kang, ISIJ Int. 60, 258–266 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. J.H. Lee, Y.B. Kang, ISIJ Int. 60, 426–435 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. E. Zinngrebe, J. Small, S.R. van der Laan, A. Westendorp, Metall. Mater. Trans. B (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01903-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. K. Karnasiewicz, E. Zinngrebe, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 50B, 1704–1717 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. E. Zinngrebe, C. van Hoek, H. Visser, A. Westendorp, I.H. Jung, ISIJ Int. 52, 52–61 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. M. Seo, J.W. Cho, K.C. Kim, S.H. Kim, ISIJ Int. 54, 475–481 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. W. Yang, Y. Zhang, L.F. Zhang, H. Duan, L. Wang, J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 22, 1069–1077 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. M. Van Ende, M. Guo, E. Zinngrebe, B. Blanpain, I.H. Jung, ISIJ Int. 53, 1974–1982 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Zhang, Q. Liu, S. Yang, Z. Chen, J. Li, Z. Jiang, ISIJ Int. 59, 1167–1177 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Z. Deng, B. Glaser, M.A. Bombeck, D. Sichen, Steel Res. Int. 87, 484–493 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. M. Higgins: Am. Miner., 2000, vol. 85, pp. 1105–16. Program CSD Corrections obtainable at http://www.uqac.ca/mhiggins/csdcorrections.html.

  17. M.A. Van Ende, M. Guo, E. Zinngrebe, R. Dekkers, J. Proost, B. Blanpain, P. Wollants, Ironmak. Steelmak. 36, 201 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. K.G. Rackers and B. Thomas: Proc. 78th Steelmak. Conf., Nashville, 1995, pp. 723–34.

  19. R. Dekkers, B. Blanpain, P. Wollants, F. Haers, B. Gommers, C. Vercruyssen, Steel Res. Int. 74, 351–355 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. F. Tehovnik, J. Burja, B. Arh, M. Knap, Metalurgija 54, 371–374 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Z. Deng, B. Glaser, M.A. Bombeck, D. Sichen, Steel Res. Int. 87, 921–929 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. K. Beskow, D. Sichen, Ironmak. Steelmak. 31, 393–400 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Y.G. Chi, Z.Y. Deng, M.Y. Zhu, Steel Res. Int. 88, 1600470 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. J.H. Son, I.H. Jung, S.M. Jung, H. Gaye, H.G. Lee, ISIJ Int. 48, 1542–1551 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. O. Adaba, P. Kaushik, R. O’Malley, S. Lekakh, L. Von Richards, E. Mantel, R. Hall, E. Ellis, Iron Steel Technol. 31, 38–49 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  26. N. Tripathi: Licentiate Thesis, KTH Stockholm, Sweden, 2003.

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Tata Steel for the permission to publish this work. The authors acknowledge and thank SR van der Laan for helpful discussions and great support during the research. We also want to thank F. van der Does for material preparation. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their helpful comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

    Bernadeta Karnasiewicz

  2. R&D, MCP, Tata Steel, PO Box 10000, 1970 CA, IJmuiden, The Netherlands

    Bernadeta Karnasiewicz, Enno Zinngrebe & Wouter Tiekink

Authors
  1. Bernadeta Karnasiewicz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Enno Zinngrebe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wouter Tiekink
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Enno Zinngrebe.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Manuscript submitted November 1, 2020; accepted April 13, 2021.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karnasiewicz, B., Zinngrebe, E. & Tiekink, W. Post-mortem Ladle Shroud Analysis from the Casting of Al-Killed Steel: Microstructures and Origin of Alumina Clogging Deposits. Metall Mater Trans B 52, 2171–2185 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02189-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02189-4

Search

Navigation