Abstract
In this article, we investigated the effect of the process parameters and heat treatment on the defect formation, microstructure, and hardness of Inconel 625 manufactured by the laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) process. Specimens were fabricated with various scan speeds, laser powers, and hatch spacing to give a range of volume energy density (VED) between 108 and 156 J/mm3. SEM analysis was conducted to identify the effects of the VED on the various defects. A columnar-dendritic microstructure was found in all specimens. The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure, including grain growth, carbide precipitations, and phase transformation, was also studied. The results of this study show that VED has an influential effect on the formation of defects, such as lack of fusion porosity, keyhole, gas pores, and micro-cracks. The microstructure and hardness dependency of the L-PBF Inconel 625 material on the VED and heat treatment emphasizes the importance of the optimum selection of VED and post-processing in the L-PBF manufacturing procedure. Finally, the hardness of the heat-treated and as-built specimens was measured, and their variations with VED were specified.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Most of the raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings have been given in the text. However, any additional data can be shared upon request.
References
C. Weller, R. Kleer and F.T. Piller: Int. J. Prod. Econ., 2015, Vol. 164, pp. 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.02.020
S. Ford and M. Despeisse: J. Clean. Prod., 2016, Vol. 137, pp. 1573–1587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.150
A. Sola and A. Nouri: J. Adv. Manuf. Process., 2019, 1(3), pp. 1–21. doi:10.1002/amp2.10021
J.A. Gonzalez, J. Mireles, S.W. Stafford, M.A. Perez, C.A. Terrazas and R.B. Wicker: J. Mater. Process. Tech., 2019, Vol. 264, pp. 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.08.031
V.A. Popovich, E.V. Borisov, A.A. Popovich, V.S. Sufiiarov, D.V. Masaylo and L. Alzina: Mater. Des., 2017, Vol 131, pp. 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.065
B. Dubiel and J. Sieniawski; Materials., 2019, Vol. 12, 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071144
J. Nguejio, F. Szmytka, S. Hallais, A. Tanguy, S. Nardone and M. GodinoMartinez: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, 764, 138214. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138214
S. Li, Q. Wei, Y. Shi, Z. Zhu and D. Zhang: J. Mater. Sci. Tech., 2015, Vol. 31(9), pp. 946–952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2014.09.020
I.A. Choudhury, M.A. El-Baradie: J. Mater. Proc. Tech., 1998, Vol. 77(1–3), pp. 278–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(97)00429-9
C. Li, R. White, X.Y. Fang, M. Weaver and Y.B. Guo: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, Vol. 705, pp. 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.08.058
P. Liu, S. Sun, M. Cao, J. Gong and J. Hu: High. Temp. Mater. Processes, 2019, Vol. 38, pp. 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0182
Z. Wang, K. Guan, M. Gao, X. Li, X. Chen and X. Zeng: J. Alloy. Compd., 2012, Vol. 513, pp. 518–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.10.107
N.H. Sateesh, G.C. MohanKumar, K. Prasad, C.K. Srinivas and A.R. Vinod: Process. MatER. Sci., 2014, 5, pp. 772–779. doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.327
L.N. Carter, X. Wang, N. Read, R. Khan, M. Aristizabal, K. Essa and M.M. Attallah: Mater. Sci. Tech., 2016, Vol. 32(7), pp. 657–661. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284715Y.0000000108
M. Amirjan and H. Sakiani: Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2019, Vol. 103, pp. 1769–1780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03545-0
I. Koutiri, E. Pessard, P. Peyre, O. Amlou and T. De Terrisa: J. Mater. Process. Tech., 2018, Vol. 255, pp. 536–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.12.043
L.E. Criales, Y.M. Arısoy, B. Lane, S. Moylan, A. Donmez and T. Özel: Int. J. Mach. Tool. Manuf., 2017, Vol. 121, pp. 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2017.03.004
M.A. Anam, D. Pal and B. Stucker: Proceeding of the 24th Annual International Solid Free form Fabrication Symposium-An Additive Manufacturing Conference, Austin, TX, 2013, pp. 463–73. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4009.1201
K. Moussaoui, W. Rubio, M. Mousseigne, T. Sultan and F. Rezai: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, Vol. 735, pp. 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.08.037
D. Zhang, W. Niu, X. Cao and Z. Liu: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, Vol. 644, pp. 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.06.021
J.S. Zuback, P. Moradifar, Z. Khayat, N. Alem and T.A. Palmer: J. Alloy. Compd., 2019, Vol. 798, pp. 446–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.230
C.C. Silva, H.C. de Miranda, M.F. Motta, J.P. Farias, C.R.M. Afonso and A.J. Ramirez: J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2013, Vol. 2(3), pp. 228–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.02.008
S.J. Foster, K. Carver, R.B. Dinwiddie, F. List III, K.A. Unocic, A. Chaudhary and S.S. Babu: Metal. Mater. Trans. A, 2018, Vol. 49, pp. 5775–5798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4870-2
A. Kreitcberg, V. Brailovski and S. Turenne: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, Vol. 689, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.02.038
S. Raghavan, B. Zhang, P. Wang, C.-N. Sun, M.L. SharonNai, T. Li and J. Wei: Mater. Manuf. Process., 2017, 32(14), pp. 1588–1595. doi:10.1080/10426914.2016.1257805
G. Marchese, M. Lorusso, S. Parizia, E. Bassini, J.-W. Lee, F. Calignano, D. Manfredi, M. Terner, H.–U. Hong, D. Ugues, M. Lombardi and S. Biamino: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, Vol. 729, pp. 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.05.044
E.A. Lass, M.R. Stoudt, M.B. Katz and M.E. Williams: Scripta. Mater., 2018, Vol. 154, pp. 83–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.05.025
A. El Hassanin, F. Scherillo, A.T. Silvestri, A. Caraviello, R. Sansone, A. Astarita and A. Squillace: AIP Conference Proceedings 2019, 2113, 060004. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5112599
EOS Nickel Alloy IN625 Material Data Sheet. Electro Optical Systems. https://dmlstechnology.com/images/pdf/EOS_NickelAlloy_IN625.pdf
I.J. Moore, J.I. Taylor, M.W. Tracy, M.G. Burke and E.J. Palmiere: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, Vol. 682, pp. 402–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.11.060
H.R. Javidrad and S. Salemi: Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2020, Vol. 107, pp. 4597–4607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05321-x
C. Pleass and S. Jothi: Additive Manufacturing, 2018, Vol. 24, pp. 419–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.09.023
M.M. Attallah, R. Jennings, X. Wang and L.N. Carter: MRS Bulletin, 2016, Vol. 41(10), pp. 758–764. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2016.211
F.H. Kim and S.P. Moylan: Advanced Manufacturing Series (NIST AMS), 2018, 100, 16. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AMS.100-16
H.‐Y. Wan, Z.‐J. Zhou, C.‐P. Li, G.‐F. Chen and G.‐P. Zhang: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2018, 20(10), 1800307. doi:10.1002/adem.201800307
X. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Xu, J. Xu, X. Ren and X. Chen: Mater. Des., 2019, Vol. 183, 108105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108105
G. Marchese, G. Basile, E. Bassini, A. Aversa, M. Lombardi, D. Ugues, P. Fino and S. Biamino: Materials, 2018, Vol. 11, 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11010106
H. Xiao, S.M. Li, W.J. Xiao, Y.Q. Li, L.M. Cha, J. Mazumder and L.J. Song: Mater. Lett., 2017, Vol. 188, pp. 260–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.10.118
A.P.R. Mostafa, V. Brailovski, M. Jahazi and M. Medraj: Metals, 2017, 7(6), 196. doi:10.3390/met7060196
C. Li, Y.B. Guo and J.B. Zhao: J. Mater. Process. Tech., 2017, Vol. 243, pp. 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.12.033
S. Cao, D. Gu and Q. Shi: J. Alloy. Compd., 2017, Vol. 692, pp. 758–769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.098
M. Cabrini, S. Lorenzi, C. Testa, F. Brevi, S. Biamino, P. Fino, D. Manfredi, G. Marchese, F. Calignano and T. Pastore: Materials, 2019, Vol. 12, 1742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12111742
K.N. Amato, S.M. Gaytan, L.E. Murr, E. Martinez, P.W. Shindo, J. Hernandez, S. Collins and F. Medina: Acta. Materialia., 2012, Vol. 60(5), pp. 2229–2239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.12.032
G. Marchese, X.G. Colera, F. Calignano, M. Lorusso, S. Biamino, P. Minetola and D. Manfredi: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201600635
F. Zhang, L.E. Levine, A.J. Allen, M.R. Stoudt, G. Lindwall, E.A. Lass, M.E. Williams, Y. Idell and C.E. Campbell: Acta. Materialia., 2018, Vol. 152, pp. 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.017
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted April 25, 2020.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Javidrad, H.R., Salemi, S. Effect of the Volume Energy Density and Heat Treatment on the Defect, Microstructure, and Hardness of L-PBF Inconel 625. Metall Mater Trans A 51, 5880–5891 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05992-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05992-x