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In Situ Investigation of the Evolution of Lattice Strain and Stresses in Austenite and Martensite During Quenching and Tempering of Steel

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Abstract

Energy dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction was applied to investigate in situ the evolution of lattice strains and stresses in austenite and martensite during quenching and tempering of a soft martensitic stainless steel. In one experiment, lattice strains in austenite and martensite were measured in situ in the direction perpendicular to the sample surface during an austenitization, quenching, and tempering cycle. In a second experiment, the sin2 ψ method was applied in situ during the austenite-to-martensite transformation to distinguish between macro- and phase-specific micro-stresses and to follow the evolution of these stresses during transformation. Martensite formation evokes compressive stress in austenite that is balanced by tensile stress in martensite. Tempering to 748 K (475 °C) leads to partial relaxation of these stresses. Additionally, data reveal that (elastic) lattice strain in austenite is not hydrostatic but hkl dependent, which is ascribed to plastic deformation of this phase during martensite formation and is considered responsible for anomalous behavior of the 200 γ reflection.

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Notes

  1. The bulk elastic modulus of austenite, B γ, and of martensite, B α, calculated from References 41 and 40 are 184 and 167 GPa, respectively. From Reference 42, for Fe-15 pct Cr-5 pct Ni B γ = 164 GPa and is not significantly affected by the presence of interstitials.[43] This indicates that Reference 41 most likely overestimated the stiffness of austenite. No accurate information is available to evaluate the value of B α from Reference 40.

  2. It should be noted that the Eshelby/Kröner model for the present case is an approximation, as it assumes elastic interaction of crystals with identical elastic constants, while the present material is two phase with different elastic constants for the two phases.

  3. The multiplicity of the various hkls was not taken into account, implying that all reflections were equally weighted.

  4. Note that the relative difference between the effects of C and N (in wt pct) on the unit cell volume of martensite is <3 pct, and can be neglected within the experimental accuracy indicated in Reference 15.

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Acknowledgments

M. Klaus, D. Apel, and Ch. Genzel from Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie (HZME) are acknowledged for their enthusiastic support during the activity at the HZB-BESSY II Synchrotron Facility and during subsequent data analysis. The activity was supported by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Program through the ‘Research Infrastructure’ action of the ‘Capacities’ Programme, CALIPSO (Grant No. 312284) and by the Danish Natural Science Research Council via Danscatt. The Danish Council for Independent Research (G.R. Grant DFF-4005-00223) and the Danish Underground Consortium are gratefully acknowledged for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    M. Villa & M. A. J. Somers

  2. Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    F. Niessen

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Manuscript submitted February 14, 2017.

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Villa, M., Niessen, F. & Somers, M.A.J. In Situ Investigation of the Evolution of Lattice Strain and Stresses in Austenite and Martensite During Quenching and Tempering of Steel. Metall Mater Trans A 49, 28–40 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4387-0

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