Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is increasingly used in experimental research of geotechnical engineering. Compared to other materials, 3D layer-by-layer printing specimens are extremely similar to the inherent properties of natural layered rock masses. In this paper, soft-hard interbedded rock masses with different dip angles were prepared based on 3D printing (3DP) sand core technology. Uniaxial compression creep tests were conducted to investigate its anisotropic creep behavior based on digital imaging correlation (DIC) technology. The results show that the anisotropic creep behavior of the 3DP soft-hard interbedded rock mass is mainly affected by the dip angles of the weak interlayer when the stress is at low levels. As the stress level increases, the effect of creep stress on its creep anisotropy increases significantly, and the dip angle is no longer the main factor. The minimum value of the long-term strength and creep failure strength always appears in the weak interlayer within 30°–60°, which explains why the failure of the layered rock mass is controlled by the weak interlayer and generally emerges at 45°. The tests results are verified by comparing with theoretical and other published studies. The feasibility of the 3DP soft-hard interbedded rock mass provides broad prospects and application values for 3DP technology in future experimental research.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aydan O, Ito T, Ozbay U et al. (2013) ISRM suggested methods for determining the creep characteristics of rock. In: The ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization. Testing and Monitoring 2007–2014. pp 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07713-0_9
Chen H, Shao Z, Fujii Y (2022) An experimental investigation on the creep behavior of deep brittle rock materials. Materials 15(5): 1877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051877
Chen J, Liu W, Chen L, et al. (2020) Failure mechanisms and modes of tunnels in monoclinic and soft-hard interbedded rocks: a case study. KSCE J Civ Eng 24(4): 1357–1373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-1324-3
Cho JW, Kim H, Jeon S, et al. (2012) Deformation and strength anisotropy of Asan gneiss, Boryeong shale, and Yeoncheon schist. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 50: 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.12.004
Code for rock tests in water and hydropower projects: SL/T 264-2020 (2020) Wuhan: Yangtze River Water Resources Commission Yangtze River Academy of Sciences. (In Chinese)
Donath FA (1961) Experimental study of shear failure in anisotropic rocks. Geol Soc Am Bull 72(6): 985–989. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[985:ESOSFI]2.0.CO;2
Dubey RK, Gairola VK (2000) Influence of structural anisotropy on the uniaxial compressive strength of pre-fatigued rocksalt from Himachal Pradesh, India. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 37(6): 993–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00020-4
Dubey RK, Gairola VK (2008) Influence of structural anisotropy on creep of rock salt from Simla Himalaya, India: An experimental approach. J Struct Geol 30(6): 710–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.01.007
Eslami Andargoli MB, Shahriar K, Ramezanzadeh A, et al. (2019) The analysis of dates obtained from long-term creep tests to determine creep coefficients of rock salt. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78(3): 1617–1629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1243-4
Feng P, Meng X, Chen JF, et al. (2015) Mechanical properties of structures 3D printed with cementitious powders. Constr Build Mater 93: 486–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.132
Feng XT, Gong YH, Zhou YY, et al. (2019) The 3D-printing technology of geological models using rock-like materials. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(7): 2261–2277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1703-y
Feng Q, Jin J, Zhang S. et al. (2022) Study on a damage model and uniaxial compression simulation method of frozen-thawed rock. Rock Mech Rock Eng 55: 187–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02645-2
Fereshtenejad S, Song JJ (2016) Fundamental study on applicability of powder-based 3D printer for physical modeling in rock mechanics. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(6): 2065–2074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0904-x
Gomez JS, Chalaturnyk RJ, Zambrano-Narvaez G (2019) Experimental investigation of the mechanical behavior and permeability of 3D printed sandstone analogues under triaxial conditions. Transp Porous Media 129(2): 541–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-018-1177-0
Henke K, Treml S (2013) Wood based bulk material in 3D printing processes for applications in construction. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 71(1):139–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-012-0658-z
Jiang C, Zhao GF (2015) A preliminary study of 3D printing on rock mechanics. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(3): 1041–1050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0612-y
Jiang Q, Feng X, Song L, et al. (2016a). Modeling rock specimens through 3D printing: Tentative experiments and prospects. Acta Mech Sin 32(1): 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-015-0524-4
Jiang Q, Feng X, Gong Y, et al. (2016b). Reverse modelling of natural rock joints using 3D scanning and 3D printing. Comput Geotech 73: 210–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.11.020
Khanlari G, Rafiei B, Abdilor Y (2015) An experimental investigation of the brazilian tensile strength and failure patterns of laminated sandstones. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(2):843–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0576-y
Kong L, Ostadhassan M, Li C, et al. (2018a) Can 3-D printed gypsum samples replicate natural rocks? An experimental study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(10): 3061–3074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1520-3
Kong L, Ostadhassan M, Li C, et al. (2018b). Pore characterization of 3D-printed gypsum rocks: a comprehensive approach. J Mater Sci 53(7): 5063–5078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1953-1
Liang W, Yang C, Zhao Y, et al. (2007) Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of bedded salt rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44(3): 400–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.09.007
Liu X, Liu F, Song K (2022) Mechanism analysis of tunnel collapse in a soft-hard interbedded surrounding rock mass: A case study of the Yangshan Tunnel in China. Eng Fail Anal 138: 106304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106304
Liu X, Xu B, Lin G, et al. (2021) Experimental and numerical investigations on the macro-meso shear mechanical behaviors of artificial rock discontinuities with multiscale asperities. Rock Mech Rock Eng 54(8): 4079–4098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02484-1
Luo P, Wang L, Li D, et al. (2022) Deformation and failure mechanism of horizontal soft and hard interlayered rock under uniaxial compression based on digital image correlation method. Eng Fail Anal 142: 106823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106823
Ngo TD, Kashani A, Imbalzano G, et al. (2018) Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos Pt B-Eng 143: 172–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.012
Osinga S, Zambrano-Narvaez G, Chalaturnyk RJ (2015) Study of geomechanical properties of 3D printed sandstone analogue. In 49th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. American Rock Mechanics Association.
Ramamurthy T, Arora V K (1994) Strength predictions for jointed rocks in confined and unconfined states. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstracts 31(1):9–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)92311-6
Shi X, Yang X, Meng Y, et al. (2016) An anisotropic strength model for layered rocks considering planes of weakness. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(9): 3783–3792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-0985-1
Shi X, Zhao Y, Yao W, et al. (2022) Dynamic tensile failure of layered sorptive rocks: Shale and coal. Eng Fail Anal 138: 106346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106346
Song L, Jiang Q, Shi YE, et al. (2018) Feasibility investigation of 3D printing technology for geotechnical physical models: study of tunnels. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(8): 2617–2637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1504-3
Song R, Wang Y, Sun S, et al. (2021) Characterization and microfabrication of natural porous rocks: from micro-CT imaging and digital rock modelling to micro-3D-printed rock analogs. J Pet Sci Eng 205, 108827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108827
Song R, Yao W, Ishutov S, et al. (2020) A comprehensive experimental study on mechanical behavior, microstructure and transport properties of 3D-printed rock analogs. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(12): 5745–5765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02239-4
Tian W, Han NV (2017). Mechanical properties of rock specimens containing pre — existing flaws with 3 D printed materials. Strain, 53(6): e12240. https://doi.org/10.1111/str.12240
Tian Y, Chen WZ, Tian HM, et al. (2021) Analytical model of layered rock considering its time-dependent behaviour. Rock Mech Rock Eng 54(11): 5937–5944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02421-2
Tien YM, Kuo MC, Juang CH (2006) An experimental investigation of the failure mechanism of simulated transversely isotropic rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.03.011
Vervoort A, Min K B, Konietzky H, et al. (2014) Failure of transversely isotropic rock under Brazilian test conditions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 70(Complete):343–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.04.006
Vogler D, Walsh SDC, Dombrovski E, et al. (2017). A comparison of tensile failure in 3D-printed and natural sandstone. Eng Geol 226: 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.06.011
Wang W, Ye Y, Wang Q, et al. (2022) Experimental Study on Anisotropy of Strength, Deformation and Damage Evolution of Contact Zone Composite Rock with DIC and AE Techniques. Rock Mech Rock Eng 55(2):837–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02682-x
Wu C, Chen Q, Basack S, et al. (2018) Laboratory investigation on rheological properties of greenschist considering anisotropy under multistage compressive creep condition. J Struct Geol 114: 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.06.011
Wu Z, Zhang B, Weng L, et al. (2019) A New Way to Replicate the Highly Stressed Soft Rock: 3D Printing Exploration. Rock Mech Rock Eng 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01926-1
Xiong LX, Yang LD (2009) Creep model for rock mass considering normal creep of rock joint plane. J Cent South Univ (In Chinese): 40(3): 814–821.
Xu D P, Feng X T, Chen D F, et al. (2017) Constitutive representation and damage degree index for the layered rock mass excavation response in underground openings. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 64(Apr.):133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.01.016
Xu G, He C, Yan J, et al. (2019) A new transversely isotropic nonlinear creep model for layered phyllite and its application. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78(7): 5387–5408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01462-w
Xue Y, Xu T, Zhu W, et al. (2021) Full-field quantification of time-dependent and-independent deformation and fracturing of double-notch flawed rock using digital image correlation. Geomech Geophys Geo-Energy Geo-Resour 7(4): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00302-0
Yang DS, Chen WZ, Yang JP, et al. (2012) Application of digital image correlation technique in experimental study of the creep behavior and time dependent damage of natural rock salt. J Test Eval 40(2): 220–226. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE103857
Yang Y, Lai X, Luo T, et al. (2022). Study on creep constitutive model of stratified siltstone and its application to instability analysis in mining. Environ Earth Sci 81(9): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10390-0
Yong MT, Tsao PF. (2000) Preparation and mechanical properties of artificial transversely isotropic rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 37(6): 1001–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00024-1
Yu C, Tian W, Zhang C, et al. (2021) Temperature-dependent mechanical properties and crack propagation modes of 3D printed sandstones. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 146(8):104868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104868
Zhao D, Xia Y, Zhang C, et al. (2022) Laboratory test and numerical simulations for 3D printed irregular columnar jointed rock masses under biaxial compression. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81(3): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02626-x
Zhou YY, Feng XT, Xu DP, et al. (2017) An enhanced equivalent continuum model for layered rock mass incorporating bedding structure and stress dependence. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 97: 75–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.06.006
Zhou Y, Liu X, Li X (2022) Progressive Failure Process of Anisotropic Rock: Insight from Full-Field Strain Evolution. KSCE J Civ Eng 26(1): 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-5929-y
Zhu JB, Zhou T, Liao ZY, et al. (2018) Replication of internal defects and investigation of mechanical and fracture behaviour of rock using 3D printing and 3D numerical methods in combination with X-ray computerized tomography. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 106: 198–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.04.022
Zhuo X, Liu X, Shi X, et al. (2022) The anisotropic mechanical characteristics of layered rocks under numerical simulation. J Pet Explor Prod Technol 12(1): 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01388-8
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42207199, 52179113, 42272333), Zhejiang Postdoctoral Scientific Research Project (Grant Nos. ZJ2022155, ZJ2022156). The authors are grateful for Professor CHEN Weizhong, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, for his kindly help to this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tian, Y., Wu, Fq., Tian, Hm. et al. Anisotropic creep behavior of soft-hard interbedded rock masses based on 3D printing and digital imaging correlation technology. J. Mt. Sci. 20, 1147–1158 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7695-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7695-9