Abstract
This study investigated the failure mechanism associated with the rock mass structure and the dynamic fragmentation process of blocky rocks of the 2018 Daanshan rockslide that occurred on 11 August, 2018. It was found that the initially collapsed rock of this rockslide was partitioned along the unconformity and strata interfaces. We analyzed how the unique rock mass structure, coupled with the road cut and the antecedent rainfall, jointly resulted in its failure. Based on the rock types and geological structures, the initial stratified configuration of a discrete element model was setup to reveal the influences of the local structure. The numerical model was divided into three parts. Part 1 is the basalt of the Nandaling Formation, the normal and shear stiffnesses of the basalt particles are set as 80 MPa and 40 MPa. Parts 2 and 3 are the sandstones interbedded with mudstone and sandstone of the Shihezi Formation, and the normal and shear stiffnesses of these parts were set as 6 MPa and 10 MPa, respectively. The dynamic process of the rockslide, particularly the rock fragmentation process, was numerically analyzed using a 3D discrete element method. The numerical results were compared with real-time videos and field investigations. The results show that the rock fragmentation and the final deposition range match well with the real disaster phenomenon, and the calculation accuracy of the rockslide reaches 82.41%. Moreover, a parameter sensitivity analysis was conducted, and classical uniform models under different bonding forces were established; the stratified model can better restore the true state of the fragmentation, movement, and deposition processes of rockslides. Therefore, for complicated rocks with significant differences in lithology, clarifying the rock mass stratigraphy is essential for an accurate reconstruction of the dynamic process of rockslides.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albaba A, Lambert S, Kneib F, et al. (2017) DEM modeling of a flexible barrier impacted by a dry granular flow. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50: 3029–3048. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1286-z
An HC, Ouyang CJ, Wang FL, et al. (2022) Comprehensive analysis and numerical simulation of a large debris flow in the Meilong catchment, China. Eng Geol 298: 106546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106546
An HC, Ouyang CJ, Zhao C, et al. (2020) Landslide dynamic process and parameter sensitivity analysis by discrete element method: the case of turnoff creek rock avalanche. J Mt Sci 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-5993-7
An HC, Ouyang CJ, Zhou S (2021) Dynamic process analysis of the Baige landslide by the combination of DEM and long-period seismic waves. Landslides 18(5): 1625–1639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01595-0
Banton J, Villard P, Jongmans D, et al. (2009) Two-dimensional discrete element models of debris avalanches: Parameterization and the reproducibility of experimental results. J Geophys Res-Earth 114: F04013. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001161
Borykov T, Mège D, Mangeney A, et al. (2019) Empirical investigation of friction weakening of terrestrial and martian landslides using discrete element models. Landslides 16(6): 1121–1140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01140-8
Cagnoli, B (2021) Stress level effect on mobility of dry granular flows of angular rock fragments. Landslides 18: 3085–3099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01687-5
Cleary PW, Prakash M (2004) Discrete-element modelling and smoothed particle hydrodynamics: Potential in the environmental sciences. Philos T R Soc A 2004 362(1822): 2003–2030.
Cox SC, McSaveney MJ, Spencer J, et al. (2015) Rock avalanche on 14 July 2014 from Hillary Ridge, Aoraki/Mount Cook, New Zealand. Landslides 12(2): 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0556-7
Crosta GB, Frattini P, Fusi N (2007) Fragmentation in the Val Pola rock avalanche, Italian Alps. J Geophys Res 112: F01006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000455
Cundall PA, Strack ODL (1979) A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies. Geotechnique 29(1): 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1980.30.3.331
Davies TRH, McSaveney MJ (2009) The role of rock fragmentation in the motion of large landslides. Eng Geol 109: 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.11.001
Deparis J, Jongmans D, Cotton F, et al. (2008) Analysis of rock-fall and rock-fall avalanche seismograms in the French Alps. B Seismol Soc Am 98(4): 1781–1796. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120070082
Dufresne A, Prager C, Bosmeier A (2016) Insights into rock avalanche emplacement processes from detailed morpholithological studies of the Tschirgant deposit (Tyrol, Austria). Earth Surf Proc Land 41: 587–602. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3847
EDEM (2011) EDEM theory reference guide. DEM Solutions, Edinburgh.
Evans SG, Guthrie RH, Roberts NJ, et al. (2007) The disastrous 17 February 2006 rockslide-debris avalanche on Leyte Island, Philippines: a catastrophic landslide in tropical mountain terrain. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 7: 89–101. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-89-2007
Forlati F, Gioda G, Scavia C (2001) Finite element analysis of a deep-seated slope deformation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 34(2): 135–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s006030170019
Friedmann SJ, Taberlet N, Losert W (2006) Rock-avalanche dynamics: insights from granular physics experiments. Int J Earth Sci 95(5): 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-006-0067-9
Guthrie RH, Evans SG, Catane SG, et al. (2009) The 17 February 2006 rock slide-debris avalanche at Guinsaugon Philippines: a synthesis. B Eng Geol Environ 68: 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-009-0205-2
Hungr O (1995) A model for the runout analysis of rapid flow slides, debris flows, and avalanches. Can Geotech J 32(4): 610–623. https://doi.org/10.1139/t95-063
Hutter K, Koch T, Pluuss C, et al. (1995) The dynamics of avalanches of granular materials from initiation to runout. Part II. Experiments. Acta Mech 109(1–4): 127–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01176820
Imre B, Laue J, Springman SM (2010) Fractal fragmentation of rocks within sturzstroms: insight derived from physical experiments within the ETH geotechnical drum. Granul Matter 12: 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-009-0163-1
Iverson RM, Ouyang C (2015) Entrainment of bed material by earth-surface mass flows. Rev Geophys 53: 27–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013RG000447
Karajan N, Han Z, Teng H, et al. (2014) On the parameter estimation for the discreteelement method in LS-DYNA®. 13th International LS-DYNA User’s Conference. pp 1–9.
Li Q, Zhang S, Wu B (2020) Study on mechanics mechanism and geological evolution model of large landslide in mining area. Int J Coal Sci Techn 48(3): 214–220. https://doi.org/10.13199/j.cnki.cst.2020.03.026
Lin CH, Lin ML (2015) Evolution of the large landslide induced by Typhoon Morakot: a case study in the Butangbunasi River, southern Taiwan using the discrete element method. Eng Geol 197: 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.08.022
Liu C, Pollard DD, Shi B (2013) Analytical solutions and numerical tests of elastic and failure behaviors of close-packed lattice for brittle rocks and crystals. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 118(1): 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JB009615
Lo CM, Huang WK, Lin ML (2016) Earthquake-induced deep-seated landslide and landscape evolution process at Hungtsaiping, Nantou County, Taiwan. Environ Earth Sci 75: 645–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5474-z
Lo CM, Lin ML, Tang CL, et al. (2011) A kinematic model of the Hsiaolin landslide calibrated to the morphology of the landslide deposit. Eng Geol 123: 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.07.002
Mead SR, Cleary PW (2015) Validation of DEM prediction for granular avalanches on irregular terrain. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 120(9): 1724–1742. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003331
Mergili M, Fischer JT, Krenn J, et al. (2017) r.avaflow v1, an advanced opensource computational framework for the propagation and interaction of two-phase mass flows. Geosci Model Dev 10(2): 553–569. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-553-2017
Mollon G, Richefeu V, Villard P, et al. (2015) Discrete modelling of rock avalanches: sensitivity to block and slope geometries. Granul Matter 17: 645–666.
Munjiza A (1999) Fracture, fragmentation and rock blasting models in the combined finite-discrete element method. In: Aliabadi MH (ed.), Fracture of rock WIT Press Southampton. pp 125–166.
Ouyang CJ, An HC, Zhou S, et al. (2019) Insights from the failure and dynamic characteristics of two sequential landslides at Baige village along the Jinsha River, China. Landslides 16: 1397–1414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01177-9
Ouyang CJ, Zhao W, He SM, et al. (2017a) Numerical modeling and dynamic analysis of the 2017 Xinmo landslide in Maoxian County, China. J Mt Sci 14(9): 1701–1711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4613-7
Ouyang CJ, Zhou KQ, Xu Q, et al. (2017b) Dynamic analysis and numerical modeling of the 2015 catastrophic landslide of the construction waste landfill at Guangming, Shenzhen, China. Landslides 14: 705–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0764-9
Pastor M, Blanc T, Haddad B, et al. (2015) Depth averaged models for fast landslide propagation: mathematical, rheological and numerical aspects. Arch Comput Method E 22: 67–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-014-9110-3
Perinotto H, Schneider J, Bachelery P, et al. (2015) The extreme mobility of debris avalanches: a new model of transport mechanism. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 120: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB011994
Potyondya DO, Cundall PA (2004) A bonded-particle model for rock. Int J Rock Mech Min 41: 1329–1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.011
Preuth T, Bartelt P, Korup O, et al. (2010) A random kinetic energy model for rock avalanches: eight case studies. J Geophys Res-Earth 115: F03036. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001640
Sassa K, Nagai O, Solidum R, et al. (2010) An integrated model simulating the initiation and motion of earthquake and rain induced rapid landslides and its application to the 2006 Leyte landslide. Landslides 7: 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-010-0230-z
Savage S, Hutter K (1989) The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline. J Fluid Mech 199: 177–215. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112089000340
Savage SB, Hutter K (1991) The dynamics of avalanches of granular materials from initiation to runout. Part I: analysis. Acta Mech 86(1–4): 201–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01175958
Silbert LE, Ertaş D, Grest GS, et al. (2001) Granular flow down an inclined plane: Bagnold scaling and rheology. Phys Rev E 64: 51302. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.64.051302
Smith GM, Davies TR, McSaveney MJ, et al. (2006) The Acheron rock avalanche, Canterbury, New Zealand-morphology and dynamics. Landslides 3: 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-005-0012-1
Soga K, Alonso E, Yerro A et al. (2016) Trends in large-deformation analysis of landslide mass movements with particular emphasis on the material point method. Geotechnique 66: 248–273. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.LM.005
Sosio R, Crosta GB, Hungr O (2008) Complete dynamic modeling calibration for the Thurwieser rock avalanche (Italia Central Alps). Eng Geol 100: 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.02.012
Tang CL, Hu JC, Lin ML, et al. (2009) The Tsaoling landslide triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan: Insights from a discrete element simulation. Eng Geol 106: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.02.011
Thompson N, Bennett MR, Petford N (2009) Analyses on granular mass movement mechanics and deformation with distinct element numerical modeling: implications for large-scale rock and debris avalanches. Acta Geotech 4: 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-009-0093-4
Wang YF, Xu Q, Cheng QG, et al. (2016) Spreading and deposit characteristics of a rapid dry granular avalanche across 3D topography: experimental study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(11): 4349–4370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1052-7
Wei K, Ouyang CJ, Duan HT, et al. (2020) Reflections on the catastrophic 2020 Yangtze River Basin flooding in southern China. The Innovation 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100038
Xing AG, Wang GH, Li B et al. (2014) Long-runout mechanism and landsliding behaviour of large catastrophic landslide triggered by heavy rainfall in Guanling, Guizhou, China. Can Geotech J 52: 971–981. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0122
Yin YP, Sun P, Zhang M, et al. (2011b) Mechanism on apparent dip sliding of oblique inclined bedding rockslide at Jiweishan, Chongqing, China. Landslides 8(1): 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-010-0237-5
Yin YP, Sun P, Zhu JL, et al. (2011a) Research on catastrophic rock avalanche at Guanling, Guizhou, China. Landslides 8(4): 517–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0266-8
Yin YP, Wang FW, Sun P (2009) Landslide hazards triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China. Landslides 6(2): 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0148-5
Yin YP, Wang WP, Zhang N, et al. (2017) The June 2017 Maoxian landslide: geological disaster in an earthquake area after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake. Sci China Technol Sc 60(11): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-017-9148-2
Zhang LL, Zhang J, Zhang LM, et al. (2011) Stability analysis of rainfall-induced slope failure: a review. P I Civil Eng-Geotec 164: 299–316. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2011.164.5.299
Zhang M, Wu LZ, Zhang JC, et al. (2019) The 2009 Jiweishan rock avalanche, Wulong, China: deposit characteristics and implications for its fragmentation. Landslides 16: 893–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01142-6
Zhang M, Yin YP, McSaveney MJ (2016) Dynamics of the 2008 earthquake-triggered Wenjiagou Creek rock avalanche, Qingping, Sichuan, China. Eng Geol 200: 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.12.008
Zhang M, Yin YP, Wu SR, et al. (2011) Dynamics of the Niumiangou Creek rock avalanche triggered by 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China. Landslides 8(3): 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0265-9
Zhao T, Crosta GB (2018) On the Dynamic Fragmentation and Lubrication of Coseismic Landslides. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 123(11): 9914–9932. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016378
Zhao T, Dai F, Xu NW (2016) Coupled DEM-CFD investigation on the formation of landslide dams in narrow rivers. Landslides 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0675-1
Zhou S, Ouyang CJ, An HC et al. (2020) Comprehensive study of the Beijing Daanshan rockslide based on real-time videos, field investigations, and numerical modeling. Landslides 2020: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01345-2
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS (Grant No. XDA23090303), the NSFC (Grant No. 42022054), Sichuan Science and Technology Program (Grant No. 2022YFS0543) the Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2020JDJQ0044), State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Independent Research Project (SKLGP2019Z013).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fan, Tz., An, Hc., Ouyang, Cj. et al. Rock characteristics and dynamic fragmentation process of the 2018 Daanshan rockslide in Beijing, China. J. Mt. Sci. 20, 448–465 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7447-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7447-x