Abstract
With the emerging rise in the need for drugs extracted from various plant sources, there also arises the need for the optimum production of the drugs on a larger scale and conservation of those medicinal plants using different in vitro techniques and biotechnological approaches. Plant tissue culture techniques play a prominent role in mass multiplication of the plant. Whereas, strategies such as precursor feeding, elicitation, increases the metabolite content several-fold. Thus, an attempt of using the biotic elicitors for enhancing L-DOPA production, the anti-Parkinson’s drug from Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. cell cultures, has been reported in the present study. Aqueous extracts of algae [Amphiroa anceps (AA), Gracillaria ferogusonii (GF), Kappaphycus striatum (KS), and Sargassum lanceolatum (SL)], fungus [Aspergillus sps. (AS), Penicillium sps. (PE), and Cordyceps sps (CO)], and polysaccharide [Chitosan (CH)] solution were exposed to the cell cultures for 3, 6, and 9 d, respectively, and their effect on biomass and L-DOPA production was noted. This is the first report demonstrating the enhancement of biomass and L-DOPA from M. pruriens cell cultures with the use of various algal and fungal elicitors. Based on productivity (L-DOPA concentration × biomass × volume), it was observed that Cordyceps showed the best result and enhanced both biomass and metabolite to a greater scale. The elicitors, which showed a significant increase, are as follows: CO > AS > PE > CH > AA > KS > GF > SL. On the whole, it was noted that fungal extracts showed better results than algae.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All the data generated are analyzed during this study are included in this manuscript. Apart from these, there are no datasets that were generated or analyzed during the study.
References
Angelova Z, Georgiev S, Roos W (2006) Elicitation of plants. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 20:72–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2006.10817345
Arman M, Qader SAU (2012) Structural analysis of kappa-carrageenan isolated from Hypnea musciformis (red algae) and evaluation as an elicitor of plant defense mechanism. Carbohydr Polym 88:1264–1271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.003
Arulkumar S, Sabesan M (2010) Biosynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticle using antiparkinsonian drug Mucuna pruriens plant extract. Int J Res Pharm Sci 1:417–420
Berrocal-Lobo M, Molina A (2008) Arabidopsis defense response against Fusarium oxysporum. Trends Plant Sci 13:145–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2007.12.004
Bhaskar R, Xavier LSE, Udayakumaran G, Kumar DS, Venkatesh R, Nagella P (2021) Biotic elicitors: a boon for the in-vitro production of plant secondary metabolites. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 149:7–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-021-02131-1
Chattopadhyay S, Datta SK, Mahato SB (2011) Rapid micropropagation for Mucuna pruriens f. pruriens L. Plant Cell Rep 1:271–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00193734
Cluzet S, Torregrosa C, Jacquet C, Lafitte C, Fournier J, Mercier L, Salamagne S, Briand X, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Dumas B (2004) Gene expression profiling and protection of Medicago truncatula against a fungal infection in response to an elicitor from green algae Ulva spp. Plant Cell Environ 27:917–928. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01197.x
De Ascensao ARFDC, Dubery IA (2003) Soluble and wall-bound phenolics and phenolic polymers in Musa acuminata roots exposed to elicitors from Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. Phytochemistry 63:679–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00286-3
Dhanani T, Singh R, Shah S, Kumari P, Kumar S (2015) Comparison of green extraction methods with conventional extraction method for extract yield, L-DOPA concentration and antioxidant activity of Mucuna pruriens seed. Green Chem Lett Rev 8:43–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2015.1075070
Dhawan SS, Rai GK, Darokar MP, Lal RK, Misra HO, Khanuja SPS (2011) Comparative genetic analysis of trichome-less and normal pod genotypes of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae). Genet Mol Res 10:2049–2056. https://doi.org/10.4238/vol10-3gmr1264
Dixon RA, Achnine L, Kota P, Liu CJ, Reddy MSS, Wang L (2002) The phenylpropanoid pathway and plant defence - a genomics perspective. Mol Plant Pathol 3:371–390. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00131.x
Faisal M, Siddique I, Anis M (2006) An efficient plant regeneration system for Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.) using cotyledonary node explants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol - Plant 42:59–64. https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2005717
Fofana B, McNally DJ, Labbé C, Boulanger R, Benhamou N, Seguin A, Belanger RR (2002) Milsana-induced resistance in powdery mildew-infected cucumber plants correlates with the induction of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 61:121–132. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.2002.0420
Gadzovska Simic S, Tusevski O, Maury S, Hano C, Delaunay A, Chabbert B, Lamblin F, Laine E, Joseph C, Hagege D (2015) Fungal elicitor-mediated enhancement in phenylpropanoid and naphtodianthrone contents of Hypericum perforatum L. cell cultures. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 122:213–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-015-0762-y
Halder M, Sarkar S, Jha S (2019) Elicitation: a biotechnological tool for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in hairy root cultures. Eng Life Sci 19:880–895. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201900058
Hanagata N, Uehara H, Ito A, Takeuchi T, Karube I (1994) Elicitor for red pigment formation in Carthamus tinctorius cultured cells. J Biotechnol 34:71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(94)90167-8
Hernández-Herrera RM, Santacruz-Ruvalcaba F, Ruiz-López MA, Norrie J, Gustavo HC (2014) Effect of liquid seaweed extracts on growth of tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.). J Appl Phycol 26:619–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0078-4
Inamdar SA, Surwase SN, Jadhav SB, Bapat VA, Jadhav JP (2013) Statistically optimized biotransformation protocol for continuous production of L-DOPA using Mucuna monosperma callus culture. Springerplus 2:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-570
Janarthanam B, Sumathi E (2015) Optimization of biomass culture yield and L-DOPA compound in the callus culture from cotyledonary leaves of Mucuna pruriens. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 8:282–286
Karwasara VS, Tomar P, Dixit VK (2011) Influence of fungal elicitation on glycyrrhizin production in transformed cell cultures of Abrus precatorius Linn. Pharmacogn Mag 7:307–313. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.90411
Khan W, Rayirath UP, Subramanian S, Jithesh MN, Rayorath PD, Hodges DM, Critchley AT, Craigie JS, Norrie J, Prithiviraj B (2009) Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. J Plant Growth Regul 28:386–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-009-9103-x
Klarzynski O, Descamps V, Plesse B, Yvin JC, Kloareg B, Fritig B (2003) Sulfated fucan oligosaccharides elicit defense responses in tobacco and local and systemic resistance against tobacco mosaic virus. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 16:115–122. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.2.115
Klarzynski O, Plesse B, Joubert JM, Yvin JC, Kopp M, Kloareg B, Fritig B (2000) Linear β-1,3 glucans are elicitors of defense responses in Tobacco. Plant Physiol 124:1027–1037. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.124.3.1027
Lahiri K, Mukhopadhyay MJ (2011) Enhancement of L-DOPA production in micropropagated plants of two different varieties of Mucuna pruriens L., available in India. Plant Tiss Cult Biotech 21:115–125
Lahiri K, Mukhopadhyay MJ, Desjardins Y, Mukhopadhyay S (2012) Rapid and stable in vitro regeneration of plants through callus morphogenesis in two varieties of Mucuna pruriens L. - an anti Parkinson’s drug yielding plant. Nucl 55:37–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-012-0051-7
Lee S, Choi H, Suh S, Doo IS, Oh KY, Choi EJ, Schroeder T, Ann TL, Philip SL (1999) Oligogalacturonic acid and chitosan reduce stomatal aperture by inducing the evolution of reactive oxygen species from guard cells of tomato and Commelina communis. Plant Physiol 121:147–152. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.121.1.147
Lola-Luz T, Hennequart F, Gaffney M (2013) Enhancement of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) following application of commercial seaweed extracts of the brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum). Agric Food Sci 22:288–295. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.7676
Luthra PM, Singh S (2010) Identification and optimization of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in Mucuna pruriens DC. var. utilis. Planta 231:1361–1369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-010-1140-y
Malayaman V, Sisubalan N, Senthilkumar RP, Mohammed RR, Basha MG (2017) Chitosan mediated enhancement of hydrolysable tannin in Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd via plant cell suspension culture. Int J Biol Macromol 104:1656–1663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.138
Manyam BV, Dhanasekaran M, Hare TA (2004) Neuroprotective effects of the antiparkinson drug Mucuna pruriens. Phyther Res 18:706–712. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1514
Meirelles G, Pinhatti AV, Sosa-Gomez D, Rosa LMG, Rech SB (2013) Influence of fungal elicitation with Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson in the metabolism of acclimatized plants of Hypericum polyanthemum Klotzsech ex Reichardt (Guttiferae). Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 112:379–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-012-0234-6
Mendhulkar VD, Ali Vakil MM (2013) Elicitation of flavonoids by salicylic acid and Penicillium expansum in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. cell culture. Res Biotechnol 4:1–9
Mendhulkar VD, Patade P, Vakil M (2016) Chitosan and Penicillium expansum mediated elicitation of campesterol in Blumea lacera (Burm. F). World J Pharm Pharm Sci 5:824–833. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps201612-8157
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:474–497
Namdeo AG (2007) Plant cell elicitation for production of secondary metabolites: a review. Pharmacogn Rev 1:69–79
Nita-Lazar M, Heyraud A, Gey C, Braccini I, Lienart Y (2004) Novel oligosaccharides isolated from Fusarium oxysporum L. rapidly induce PAL activity in Rubus cells. Acta Biochim Pol 51:625–634. https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2004_3548
Nwaichi EO, Wegwu MO, Onyeike EN (2009) Phytoextracting cadmium and copper using Mucuna pruriens. Afr J Plant Sci 3:277–282
Ortega-Ortíz H, Benavides-Mendoza A, Flores-Olivas A, Ledezma-Pérez A (2003) Use of the interpolyelectrolyte complexes of poly(acrylic acid)-chitosan as inductors of tolerance against pathogenic fungi in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. Floradade). Macromol Biosci 3:566–570. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200300021
Oviedo-Silva CA, Elso-Freudenberg M, Aranda-Bustos M (2018) L-DOPA trends in different tissues at early stages of Vicia faba growth: effect of tyrosine treatment. Appl Sci 8:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122431
Patier P, Potin P, Rochas C, Kloareg B, Yvin JC, Liénart Y (1995) Free or silica-bound oligokappa-carrageenans elicit laminarinase activity in Rubus cells and protoplasts. Plant Sci 110:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(95)04182-T
Poornasri BD, Vimala A, Isha S, Chandra S (2008) Effect of cyanobacterial elicitor on neem cell suspension cultures. Indian J Sci Technol 1:1–5
Pugalenthi M, Vadivel V, Siddhuraju P (2005) Alternative food/feed perspectives of an underutilized legume Mucuna pruriens var. utilis - a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 60:201–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-005-8620-4
Raaman N, Mummoorthy C, Swaminathan A (2013) Micropropagation of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC and determination of tyrosinase. Med Plants 5:179–186. https://doi.org/10.5958/j.0975-6892.5.4.029
Rabiei Z, Solati K, Amini-Khoei H (2019) Phytotherapy in treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a review. Pharm Biol 57:355–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2019.1618344
Raghavendra S, Kumar V, Ramesh CK, Khan MHM (2012) Enhanced production of L-DOPA in cell cultures of Mucuna pruriens L. and Mucuna prurita H. Nat Prod Res 26:792–801. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.553721
Raghavendra S, Ramesh CK, Kumar V, Khan MHM (2011) Elicitors and precursor induced effect on L-DOPA production in suspension cultures of Mucuna pruriens L. Front Life Sci 5:127–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2011.649188
Rakesh B, Bindu KH, Praveen N (2021) Variations in the L-DOPA content, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of different germlines of Mucuna pruriens (L) DC. Asian J Chem 33:1881–1890. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23293
Rakesh B, Praveen N (2022) Establishment of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. callus and optimization of cell suspension culture for the production of anti-Parkinson’ s drug : L-DOPA. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 10:125–135. https://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2022.100516
Ramachandra Rao S, Sarada R, Ravishankar GA (1996) Phycocyanin, a new elicitor for capsaicin and anthocyanin accumulation in plant cell cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 46:619–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530050871
Ramachandra Rao S, Tripathi U, Suresh B, Ravishankar GA (2001) Enhancement of secondary metabolite production in hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris and Tagetes patula under the influence of microalgal elicitors. Food Biotechnol 15:35–46. https://doi.org/10.1081/FBT-100103893
Randhir R, Kwon YI, Shetty K (2009) Improved health-relevant functionality in dark germinated Mucuna pruriens sprouts by elicitation with peptide and phytochemical elicitors. Bioresour Technol 100:4507–4514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.078
Sardjono RE, Khoerunnisa F, Musthopa I, Qowiyah A, Khairunisa D, Erfianty DD, Rachmawati R (2018) Biosynthesis, characterization and antiparkinson activity of magnetite-Indonesian velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens L.) nanoparticles. J Eng Sci Technol 13:4258–4270
Satish L, Rameshkumar R, Rathinapriya P, Pandian S, Rency AS, Sunitha T, Ramesh M (2015) Effect of seaweed liquid extracts and plant growth regulators on in vitro mass propagation of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) through hypocotyl and leaf disc explants. J Appl Phycol 27:993–1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0375-6
Sathish S, Vasudevan V, Karthik S, Elayaraja D, Pavan G, Ajithan C, Manickavasagam M (2020) Elicitors induced L-DOPA accumulation in adventitious root cultures of Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell Vegetos 33:304–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-020-00108-7
Sayed M, Khodary SEA, Ahmed ES, Hammouda O, Hassan HM, El-Shafey NM (2017) Elicitation of flavonoids by chitosan and salicylic acid in callus of Rumex vesicarius L. Acta Hortic 1187:165–176. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1187.18
Sbaihat L, Takeyama K, Koga T, Takemoto D, Kawakita K (2015) Induced resistance in Solanum lycopersicum by algal elicitor extracted from Sargassum fusiforme. Sci World J 2015.https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/870520
Shah M, Jan H, Drouet S, Tungmunnithum D, Shirazi JH, Hano C, Abbasi BH (2021) Chitosan elicitation impacts flavonolignan biosynthesis in Silybum marianum (L.) gaertn cell suspension and enhances antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of cell extracts. Molecules 26:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040791
Sharma A, Ambati RR, Chandrappa D, Ravi S, Aswathanarayana RG (2010) Botryococcus braunii, a new elicitor for secondary metabolite production in Capsicum frutescens. Func Plant Sci Biotechnol 5:9–13
Sharma N, Chauhan RS, Sood H (2015) Seaweed extract as a novel elicitor and medium for mass propagation and picroside-I production in an endangered medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 122:57–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-015-0749-8
Singh SK, Yadav D, Lal RK, Gupta MM, Dhawan SS (2016) Inducing mutations through γ-irradiation in seeds of Mucuna pruriens for developing high L-DOPA-yielding genotypes. Int J Radiat Biol 93:426–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2016.1254832
Sivakumar G, Pack KY (2005) Methyl jasmonate induce enhanced production of soluble biophenols in Panax ginseng adventitious roots from commercial scale bioreactors. Chem Nat Compd 41:669–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-006-0008-7
Sivanandhan G, Arunachalam C, Selvaraj N, Sulaiman AA, Lim YP, Ganapathi A (2015) Expression of important pathway genes involved in withanolides biosynthesis in hairy root culture of Withania somnifera upon treatment with Gracilaria edulis and Sargassum wightii. Plant Physiol Biochem 91:61–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.04.007
Subathra DC, Mohana SV (2011) In vitro studies on stimulation of gymnemic acid production using fungal elicitor in suspension and bioreactor based cell cultures of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. Recent Res Sci Technol 3:101–104
Suryawanshi S, Kshirsagar P, Kamble P, Bapat V, Jadhav J (2022) Systematic enhancement of L-DOPA and secondary metabolites from Mucuna imbricata: implication of precursors and elicitors in callus culture. South African J Bot 144:419–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.09.004
Toppan A, Esquerré-Tugayé M-T (1984) Cell surfaces in plant-microorganism interactions. Plant Physiol 75:1133–1138. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.81.1.228
Tzer MC, Abdullah MA, Oi ML, Nor’Aini FM, Lajis NH (2005) Effective elicitation factors in Morinda elliptica cell suspension culture. Process Biochem 40:3397–3405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.12.028
Vakil MMA, Mendhulkar VD (2013) Salicylic acid and chitosan mediated abiotic stress in cell suspension culture of Andrographis paniculata (burm.f.) nees. for andro- grapholide synthesis. Int J Pharm Sci Res 4:3453–3459. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.4(9).3453-59
Vakil MMA, Mendhulkar VD (2013b) Enhanced synthesis of andrographolide by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum elicitors in cell suspension culture of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. Bot Stud 54:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1999-3110-54-49
Varghese BA, Kumari N, Devi S, Khan MA, Jangra S, Kumar A (2020) Abiotic elicitation: a tool for producing bioactive compounds. Plant Arch 20:2683–2689
Ververidis F, Trantas E, Douglas C, Vollmer G, Kretzschmar G, Panopoulos N (2007) Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived natural products. Part I: chemical diversity, impacts on plant biology and human health. Biotechnol J 2:1214–1234. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.200700084
Vibha JB, Choudhary K, Singh M, Rathore MS, Shekhawat NS (2009) An efficient somatic embryogenesis system for velvet bean [Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.]: a source of anti Parkinson’s drug. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 99:319–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9607-x
Vinoth S, Gurusaravanan P, Jayabalan N (2012) Effect of seaweed extracts and plant growth regulators on high-frequency in vitro mass propagation of Lycopersicon esculentum L (tomato) through double cotyledonary nodal explant. J Appl Phycol 24:1329–1337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-011-9717-9
Vishwakarma KS, Mohammed SI, Chaudhari AR, Salunkhe NS, Maheshwari VL (2017) Micropropagation and Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation studies in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 8:172–178
Wake H, Akasaka A, Umetsu H, Ozeki Y, Shimomura K, Matsunaga T (1992) Enhanced germination of artificial seeds by marine cyanobacterial extract. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 36:684–688
Wake H, Umetsu H, Ozeki Y, Shimomura K, Matsunaga T (1991) Extracts of marine cyanobacteria stimulated somatic embryogenesis of Daucus carota L. Plant Cell Rep 9:655–658
Wichers HJ, Wijnsma R, Visser JF, Malingre THM, Huizing HJ (1985) Production of L-DOPA by cell suspension cultures of Mucuna pruriens. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 4:75–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00041658
Wiktorowska E, Długosz M, Janiszowska W (2010) Significant enhancement of oleanolic acid accumulation by biotic elicitors in cell suspension cultures of Calendula officinalis L. Enzyme Microb Technol 46:14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.09.002
Yamaner O, Erdag B (2013) Effects of sucrose and polyethylene glycol on hypericins content in Hypericum adenotrichum. EurAsian J Biosci 7:101–110. https://doi.org/10.5053/ejobios.2013.7.0.12
Yuan YJ, Li C, Hu ZD, Wu JC, Zeng AP (2002) Fungal elicitor-induced cell apoptosis in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis var. mairei for taxol production. Process Biochem 38:193–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00071-7
Zhao J (2015) Phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in plant defence response: from protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions to hormone signalling. J Exp Bot 66:1721–1736. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru540
Acknowledgements
Rakesh B acknowledges Karnataka Science and Technology Promotion Society (KSTePS), Govt. of Karnataka for providing a DST-PhD fellowship (LIF-06:2019–20). We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Mr. Vamsi Krishna and Ms. Chandana for providing the fungal and algal cultures, Ms. Smita Dhantal, Dept. of English and Cultural Studies, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), for proofreading the article, and Mr. Jyothis Devasiya, Faculty in-charge, Common Instrumentation Laboratory, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), for HPLC analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Rakesh, B. conducted the experiment, analyzed the results statistically, and contributed in writing the manuscript.
Praveen, N. designed the experiments and supervised them along with proofreading and editing the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
The work performed in our study has no involvement of any human or animal samples, and thus requires no ethical clearance.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Rakesh, B., Praveen, N. Biotic elicitation mediated in vitro production of L-DOPA from Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. cell cultures. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 58, 1077–1089 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-022-10303-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-022-10303-7