Abstract
Micropropagation of Embelia ribes was achieved through proliferation of axillary shoots obtained from mature plants. Nodal shoot segments, collected March–May, exhibited high-frequency (75%) shoot initiation when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ) at 1.13 µM and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 0.49 µM. Subculture of sprouted shoots from the original explants on medium containing TDZ (1.13 and 0.45 µM) during the first and second subcultures was found essential for further shoot proliferation, while inhibition of shoot elongation by TDZ could be overcome by transferring shoot cultures onto MS medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; 11.10 µM) for the third subculture. Treating the explants with an antioxidant mixture of 568 µM ascorbic acid, 119 µM citric acid, and 307 µM glutathione prior to inoculation, coupled with subculture at 2-wk intervals onto fresh medium, both helped to reduce browning of the explants and facilitated production of five to six shoots/explant. MS medium supplemented with BAP (4.44 µM) and IBA (0.49 µM) induced shoot multiplication, producing five to six shoots/explant with a shoot length of 3 to 4 cm over a 4-wk culture period. Shoots of 3 to 4 cm in length exhibited 100% rooting within 4 wk after transfer to media containing half the nutrient salt concentration of MS medium with 3.69 µM IBA. Ex vitro rooting in the greenhouse from the in vitro shoots treated with 4.93 µM IBA for 30 min exhibited 95% rooting in soilrite™ medium in a 4-wk period. About 85% of micropropagated plants were established successfully in root trainers. Three-month-old, hardened plants could further be successfully established in the field. In 1 yr, by using the above protocol, 3,200 plants could be produced from a single shoot and 2,700 could be established in the field.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajith K. D.; Seeni S. Rapid clonal multiplication through in vitro axillary shoot proliferation of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr., a medicinal tree. Plant Cell Rep 17: 422–426; 1998.
Anon. The ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India, part I vol. II. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, pp 123–124; 2001.
Anon. National Medicinal Plants Board. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Press releases, Wednesday, February, 27e http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=35664; 2008.
Arora R. B.; Ghatak N.; Gupta S. P. Antifertility effects of Embelia ribes. J Res Indian Med 6: 107–111; 1971.
Azad M. A. K.; Amin M. N.; Begum F. In vitro rapid regeneration of plantlets from cotyledon explant of Adhatoda vasica Nees. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 9: 121–126; 1999.
Azad M. A. K.; Yokota T.; Ohkubo T.; Andoh Y.; Yahara S.; Yoshizawa N. In vitro regeneration of the medicinal woody plant Phellodendron amurense Rupr. through excised leaves. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 80: 43–50; 2005.
Bhagwat B.; Vieira L. G. E.; Erickson L. R. Stimulation of in vitro shoot proliferation from nodal explants of cassava by thidiazuron, benzyl adenine and gibberellic acid. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 46(1): 1–7; 1996.
Bhandari U.; Ansari M. N.; Islam F. Cardioprotective effect of aqueous explants of Embelia ribes Burm fruits against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in albino rats. Indian J Expt Biol 46: 35–40; 2008a.
Bhandari U.; Ansari M. N.; Islam F.; Tripathi C. D. The effect of aqueous extract of Embelia ribes Burm on serum homocysteine lipids and oxidative enzymes in methionine induced hyperhomocysteinemia. Indian J Pharmacol 40(4): 152–157; 2008b.
Bhandari U.; Jain N.; Pillai K. K. Further studies on antioxidant potential and protection of pancreatic β cells by Embelia ribes in experimental diabetes. Exp Diab Res 2007: 1–6; 2007.
Bhat S. R.; Chandel K. P. S. A novel technique to overcome browning in tissue culture. Plant Cell Rep 10: 35–361; 1991.
Bohmer P.; Meyer B.; Jacobson H. J. Thidiazuron induced high frequency of shoot induction and plant regeneration in protoplast derived pea callus. Plant Cell Rep 15: 26–29; 1995.
Bonga J. M.; Aderkas V. P. In vitro culture of trees, Vol. 38. Kluwer Academic, The Netherlands, pp 1–165; 1992.
Chitra M.; Devi C. S.; Sukumar E. Antibacterial activity of embelin. Fitoterapia 74: 401–403; 2003.
Chitra M.; Devi C. S.; Sukumar E. Effect of embelin on carbohydrate moieties of glycoprotein in tumor bearing rats. J Nat Rem 4: 77–80; 2004.
Compton M. E.; Preece J. E. Exudation and explant establishment. IAPTC Newsl 50: 9–18; 1986.
Faisal M.; Ahmed N.; Anis M. Shoot multiplication in Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. using thidiazuron. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 80: 187–190; 2005.
Fiola J. A.; Hassan M. A.; Swartz H. Z.; Bors R. H.; McNicolos R. Effect of thidiazuron, light influence rates and kanamycin on in vitro shoot organogenesis from excised Rubus cotyledons and leaves. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 39: 371–387; 1990.
Gamborg O. L.; Miller R. A.; Ojima K. Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soyabean root cells. Exp. Cell Res. 50: 151–158; 1968.
Githiori J. B.; Höglund J.; Waller P. J.; Baker L. R. Evaluation of anthelmintic properties of extracts from some plants used as livestock dewormers by pastoralist and smallholder farmers in Kenya against Heligmosomoides polygyrus infections in mice. Vet Parasitol 129(2): 245–253; 2003.
Gurel S.; Gulsen Y. The effect of IBA and BAP on in vitro shoot production of almond (Amygdalus communis L.). Tr J Botany 22: 375–379; 1998.
Handa S. S.; Chawla A. S.; Sharma A. K. Plants with anti inflammatory activity. Fitoterapia 63: 3–10; 1992.
Heller R. Recherches sur la nutrition minerale de tissus vegetaux cultives in vitro. Ann Sci Nat Bot et Bio Veg 11e Serie 14: 1–223; 1953.
Hordegen P.; Cabaret J.; Hertzberg H.; Langhans W.; Maurer V. In vitro screening of six antihelmintic plant products against larval Haemonchus contortus with a modified methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium reduction assay. J Ethnopharmacol 108: 85–89; 2006.
Hu C. Y.; Wang P. J. Meristem shoot tip and bud cultures. In: Evans D. A.; Sharp W. R.; Ammirato Yamada P. V. Y. (eds) Hand book of plant cell cultures, Vol. I. Macmillan, New York, pp 177–217; 1983.
Huetteman C. A.; Preece J. E. Thidiazuron: a potent cytokinin for woody plant tissue culture. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 33: 105–119; 1993.
Joshi I.; Bisht P.; Sharma V. K.; Uniyal D. P. Studies on effect of nutrient media for clonal propagation of superior phenotypes of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. through tissue culture. Silvae Genet 52(3/4): 143–147; 2003.
Komalavalli N.; Rao M. V. In vitro micropropagation of Gymnema sylvestre—a multipurpose medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 61: 97–105; 2000.
Lloyd G.; McCown B. H. Commercially feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot-tip culture. Proc Int Plant Soc 78: 1375–1380; 1980.
Ma O. S. W.; Saunders R. M. K. Comparative floral ontogeny of Maesa (Maesaceae), Aegiceras (Myrsinaceae) and Embelia (Myrsinaceae): taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. Plant Syst. Evol. 243: 39–58; 2003.
Malik K. A.; Saxena P. K. Thidiazuron induces high frequency shoot regeneration in intact seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum) and lentil (Lens culinaris). Aust J Plant Physiol 19: 731–740; 1992.
Martin K. P. Rapid propagation of Holostemma adakodien Schult., a rare medicinal plant, through axillary bud multiplication and indirect organogenesis. Plant Cell Rep. 21: 112–117; 2002.
Mok M. C.; Mok D. W. S. The metabolism of (14c) thidiazuron in callus cultures of Phaseolus lunatus. Physiol Plant 65: 427–432; 1985.
Murashige T.; Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473–497; 1962.
Murthy B. N. S.; Murch S. J.; Praveen S. K. Review thidiazuron: a potent regulator of in vitro plant morphogenesis. Plant Physiol 82(4): 930–935; 1986.
Murthy B. N. S.; Victor J.; Singh R. P. S.; Fletcher R. A.; Saxena P. K. In vitro regeneration of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) stimulation of direct organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis by thidiazuron. Plant Growth Regul 19: 233–240; 1996.
Pandey S.; Singh M.; Jaiswal U.; Jaiswal V. S. Shoot initiation and multiplication from a mature tree of Terminalia arjuna Roxb. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 42: 389–393; 2006.
Panse V. G.; Sukhatme P. V. (eds) Statistical methods for agricultural workers. ICAR, New Delhi, pp 327; 1998.
Prakash A. O. Antifertility investigation on embelin; an oral contraceptive of plants origin. Part I: Biological properties. Planta Med 41: 259–266; 1981.
Prakash E.; Khan P.; John T.; Rao N. S.; Meru E. S. Micropropagation of red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus L.) using mature nodal explants. J For Res 11(5): 329–335; 2006.
Puchooa D. In vitro regeneration of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Afr J Biotech 3(11): 576–584; 2004.
Raghu A. V.; Geetha S. P.; Gerald M.; Indira B.; Ravindran P. N. Direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explants of Embelia ribes Burm. F.: a vulnerable medicinal plant. J For Res 11: 57–60; 2006.
Ravikumar K.; Ved D. K. Hundred red listed medicinal plants of conservation concern in Southern India. 1st ed. Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Anugraha, Bangalore, pp 136–138; 2000.
Rout G. R. Effect of cytokinins and auxins on micropropagation of Clitoria ternatea L. Biol Letts 41(1): 21–26; 2004.
Ruzic D. J. V.; Vujovic T. I. The effects of cytokinin types and their concentration on in vitro multiplication of sweet cherry cv. Lapins (Prunus avium L.). Hortic Sci (Prague) 35(1): 12–21; 2008.
Seth S. D.; Johri N.; Sundaram K. R. Anti spermatogenic effect of embelin from Embelia ribes. Indian J Pharmacol 14: 207–211; 1982.
Shankarmurthy K.; Krishna V. Micropropagation of Embelia ribes Burm. F. using inflorescence segments. Indian J Biotech 5: 551–552; 2006.
Shankarmurthy K.; Krishna V.; Maruthi K. R.; Rahiman B. A. Rapid adventitious organogenesis from leaf segments of Embelia ribes Burm—a threatened Medicinal plant. Taiwania 49(3): 194–200; 2004.
Sreepriya M.; Bali G. Chemopreventive effects of embelin and curcumin against N-nitrosodiethylamine/phenobarbital induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats. Fitoterapia 76: 549–555; 2005.
Srinidhi H. V.; Gill R. I. S.; Sidhu O. S. Micropropagation of adult and juvenile neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). J Crop Improv 21(2): 221–232; 2008.
Swamy K. H. M.; Krishna V.; Shankarmurthy K.; Rahiman A. B.; Mankani K. L.; Mahadevan K. M.; Harish B. G.; Naika R. H. Wound healing activity of embelin isolated from the ethanol extract of leaves of Embelia ribes Burm. J Ethnopharmacol 109(3): 529–534; 2007.
Tsay H. S.; Gau T. G.; Chen C. C. Rapid clonal propagation of Pinellia ternate by tissue culture. Plant Cell Rep 8: 450–454; 1989.
Ved D. K.; Archana S.; Ravikumar K. Verifying vidanga. Amruth 7(3): 11–12; 2003. and 20.
Vengadasan G.; Ganapathi A.; Amrutha S.; Selvaraj N. In vitro propagation of Acacia species—a review. Plant Sci 163: 663–671; 2002.
Warrier P. K.; Nambiar V. P. K.; Ganapathi P. M. Some important medicinal plants of the Westernghats, India: a profile. Blackwell, New Delhi, pp 141–156; 2001.
Acknowledgments
The work was carried out with financial support of The Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi. Authors are thankful to the Director and Group Coordinator, Research IWST, for the encouragement and providing facilities. FRLHT, Bangalore and Karnataka State Forest Department are acknowledged for providing plant material. The authors are grateful to Dr. Prasad Rallabhandi, M.S., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD21191 for critically reading the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editor: N. J. Taylor
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dhavala, A., Rathore, T.S. Micropropagation of Embelia ribes Burm f. through proliferation of adult plant axillary shoots. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 46, 180–191 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-010-9285-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-010-9285-8