Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Poly-terephthalic acid modified pencil graphite electrode for the electrochemical determination of vitamin B6

  • Research
  • Published:
Ionics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Reporting for the first time, a poly-terephthalic acid modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE) for the quantitative detection of pyridoxine or vitamin B6 (VB6) from pharmaceutical samples. The developed sensor was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric techniques were used for the investigation of the electro-oxidation of VB6 on the electrode. The characteristic oxidation peak of VB6 was found to be located at a potential of 0.58 V in the supporting electrolyte solution, phosphate buffer solution with pH 7. This novel electrochemical sensor has a linear range of 0.1–3500 μM with an LOD of 0.0102 μM. As a result, the fabricated electrode can be utilized for pharmaceutical analysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available as they are the intellectual property of the institution but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Referencess

  1. Huang L, Tian S, Zhao W, Liu K, Guo J (2021) Electrochemical vitamin sensors: a critical review. Talanta 222:121645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kuzmanović D, Khan M, Mehmeti E, Nazir R, Amaizah NRR, Stanković DM (2016) Determination of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in pharmaceuticals and urine samples using unmodified boron-doped diamond electrode. Diam Relat Mater 1(64):184–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Motaghedifard M, Behpour M, Mahdi Ghoreishi S, Honarmand E (2016) Electrodeposition of gold nanostructures on carbon paste electrode: a platform with signal amplification for voltammetric study and determination of pyridoxine (vitamin B 6) 1. Russ J Electrochem 52(5):537–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Almeida MR, Venâncio VP, Aissa AF, Darin JDC, Pires Bianchi ML, Greggi Antunes LM (2015) Effects of maternal vitamin B6 deficiency and oversupplementation on DNA damage and oxidative stress in rat dams and their offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 1(80):201–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Farag AS, Pravcová K, Česlová L, Vytřas K, Sýs M (2019) Simultaneous determination of caffeine and pyridoxine in energy drinks using differential pulse voltammetry at glassy carbon electrode modified with Nafion®. Electroanalysis 31(8):1494–1499

  6. Alpar N, Pınar PT, Yardım Y, Şentürk Z (2017) Voltammetric method for the simultaneous determination of melatonin and pyridoxine in dietary supplements using a cathodically pretreated boron‐doped diamond electrode. Electroanalysis 29(7):1691–1699

  7. Kumar DR, Manoj D, Santhanalakshmi J, Shim JJ (2015) Au-CuO core-shell nanoparticles design and development for the selective determination of Vitamin B6. Electrochim Acta 10(176):514–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Mehri-Talarposhti F, Ghorbani-Hasan Saraei A, Golestan L, Shahidi SA (2020) Electrochemical determination of Vitamin B6 in fruit juices using a new nanostructure voltammetric sensor. Asian J Nanosci Mater 3:313–320

  9. Vrolijk MF, Opperhuizen A, Jansen EHJM, Hageman GJ, Bast A, Haenen GRMM (2017) The vitamin B6 paradox: supplementation with high concentrations of pyridoxine leads to decreased vitamin B6 function. Toxicol In Vitro 1(44):206–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Driskell JA (1994) Vitamin B-6 requirements of humans. Nutr Res 14(2):293–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Vidović S, Stojanović B, Veljković J, Pražić-Arsić L, Roglić G, Manojlović D (2008) Simultaneous determination of some water-soluble vitamins and preservatives in multivitamin syrup by validated stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. J Chromatogr A 1202(2):155–162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Atkin L, Schultz A, Williams W, Frey C (1943) Yeast microbiological methods for determination of vitamins pyridoxine. Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed 15(2):141–144

  13. Nepote AJ, Damiani PC, Olivieri AC (2003) Chemometrics assisted spectroscopic determination of vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and dexamethasone in injectables. J Pharm Biomed Anal 31(4):621–627

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hareesha N, Manjunatha JG, Amrutha BM, Sreeharsha N, Asdaq SB, Anwer MK (2021) A fast and selective electrochemical detection of vanillin in food samples on the surface of poly (glutamic acid) functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphite composite paste sensor. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 626:127042

  15. Raril C, Manjunatha JG (2018) Sensitive electrochemical analysis of resorcinol using polymer modified carbon paste electrode: a cyclic voltammetric study. Anal Bioanal Electrochem 10(4):488–98

  16. Hareesha N, Manjunatha JG, Amrutha BM, Pushpanjali PA, Charithra MM, Prinith Subbaiah N (2021) Electrochemical analysis of indigo carmine in food and water samples using a poly (glutamic acid) layered multi-walled carbon nanotube paste electrode. J Electron Mater 50:1230–1238

  17. Prinith NS, Manjunatha JG (2020) Polymethionine modified carbon nanotube sensor for sensitive and selective determination of L-tryptophan. J Electrochem Sci Eng 10(4):305–315

  18. Manjunatha JG, Swamy BK, Mamatha GP, Gilbert O, Shreenivas MT, Sherigara BS (2009) Electrocatalytic response of dopamine at mannitol and Triton X-100 modified carbon paste electrode: A cyclic voltammetric study. Int J Electrochem. Sci 4(12):1706–1718

  19. Vadivaambigai A, Senthilvasan PA, Kothurkar N, Rangarajan M (2015) Grapheneoxide-based electrochemical sensor for salicylic acid. Nanosci Nanotechnol Lett 7(2):140–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. David IG, Popa DE, Buleandra M (2017) Pencil graphite electrodes: a versatile tool in electroanalysis. J Anal Methods Chem 2017

  21. David IG, Florea MA, Cracea OG, Popa DE, Buleandra M, Iorgulescu EE, Ciucu AA (2015) Voltammetric determination of B 1 and B 6 vitamins using a pencil graphite electrode. Chemical Papers 69:901–910

  22. Karimi-Maleh H, Tahernejad-Javazmi F, Atar N, Yola ML, Gupta VK, Ensafi AA (2015) A novel DNA biosensor based on a pencil graphite electrode modified with polypyrrole/functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for determination of 6-mercaptopurine anticancer drug. Ind Eng Chem Res 54(14):3634–3639

  23. Tucceri R, Tucceri R (2013) Applications of Nonconducting Poly (o-aminophenol) Films in Bioelectrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. Poly (o-aminophenol) Film Electrodes: Synthesis, Transport Properties and Practical Applications, pp 137–168

  24. Porada R, Fendrych K, Baś B (2021) Electrochemical sensor based on Ni-exchanged natural zeolite/carbon black hybrid nanocomposite for determination of vitamin B 6. Microchimica Acta 188:1–13

  25. Habibi B, Phezhhan H, Pournaghi-Azar MH (2010) Voltammetric determination of vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) using multi wall carbon nanotube modified carbon-ceramic electrode. J Iran Chem Soc 7:S103–S112

  26. Porto LS, da Silva DN, Silva MC, Pereira AC (2019) Electrochemical sensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and cobalt phthalocyanine composite for pyridoxine determination. Electroanalysis 31:820–828. https://doi.org/10.1002/ELAN.201800789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Liu SQ, Sun WH, Li LC, Li H, Wang XL (2012) Electrocatalytic oxidation and voltammetric determination of vitamin B6 by a ssDNA-modified electrode. Int J Electrochem Sci 7(1):324–337

  28. Yao S, Li G, Liu Y, Wei S, Wang H, Huang X, Luo Z (2018) Electrochemical detection of pyridoxal using a sonoelectrochemical prepared highly-oxidized carbon nanosheets modified electrode. Sens Actuators B Chem 274:324–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2018.07.106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Manoj D, Rajendran S, Qin J, Sundaravadivel E, Yola ML, Atar N, Gracia F, Boukherroub R, Gracia-Pinilla MA, Gupta VK (2019) Heterostructures of mesoporous TiO2 and SnO2 nanocatalyst for improved electrochemical oxidation ability of vitamin B6 in pharmaceutical tablets. J Colloid Interface Sci 542:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCIS.2019.01.118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Verma R, Gupta BD (2013) Fiber optic SPR sensor for the detection of 3- pyridinecarboxamide (vitamin B3) using molecularly imprinted hydrogel. Sens Actuators B Chem 177:279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2012.10.135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Tigari G, Manjunatha JG (2019) Electrochemical preparation of poly(arginine)- modified carbon nanotube paste electrode and its application for the determination of pyridoxine in the presence of riboflavin: an electroanalytical approach. J Anal Test 3:331–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/S41664-019-00116-W

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Westmacott KL, Crew A, Doran O, Hart JP (2018) A novel electroanalytical approach to the measurement of B vitamins in food supplements based on screen printed carbon sensors. Talanta 181:13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2017.12.074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Rejithamol R, Beena S (2020) Electrochemical quantification of pyridoxine (VB6) in human blood from other water-soluble vitamins. Chem Pap 74:2011–2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11696-019-01049-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Raj MA, Gowthaman NSK, John SA (2016) Highly sensitive interference-free electrochemical determination of pyridoxine at graphene modified electrode: importance in Parkinson and asthma treatments. J Colloid Interface Sci 474:171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCIS.2016.04.025

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Amini R, Asadpour‐Zeynali K (2020) Cauliflower‐like NiCo2O4− Zn/Al Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposite as an efficient electrochemical sensing platform for selective pyridoxine detection. Electroanalysis 32(6):1160–1169

  36. Moustafa A, El-Kamel RS, Abdelgawad S, Fekry AM, Shehata M (2022) Electrochemical determination of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) by reformed carbon paste electrode with iron oxide nanoparticles. Ionics 28(9):4471–4484

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri campus, for the internal support provided to carry out the research work and Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Kochi, for the morphological characterization of the developed sensor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was done at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, 690525, India

    Bhama Sajeevan,  Sreelekshmi, M. G. Gopika, A. Santhy & Beena Saraswathyamma

  2. Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan

    Mani Govindasamy

Authors
  1. Bhama Sajeevan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sreelekshmi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. G. Gopika
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. Santhy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mani Govindasamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Beena Saraswathyamma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

BS1 designed and conducted the experiment, collected data, and wrote the main manuscript. GS and MGG assisted with the experiment and edited the manuscript. SA oversaw the experiments. MG provided technical guidance. BS2 gave conceptual and technical guidance. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Beena Saraswathyamma.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This article does not contain any studies with human and animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 578 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sajeevan, B., Sreelekshmi, Gopika, M.G. et al. Poly-terephthalic acid modified pencil graphite electrode for the electrochemical determination of vitamin B6. Ionics 29, 4389–4396 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-023-05156-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-023-05156-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation