Abstract
Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles such as nucleons as well as nuclei. As a future high energy nuclear physics project, an Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) has been proposed. It will be constructed based on an upgraded heavy-ion accelerator, High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) which is currently under construction, together with a new electron ring. The proposed collider will provide highly polarized electrons (with a polarization of ∼80%) and protons (with a polarization of ∼70%) with variable center of mass energies from 15 to 20 GeV and the luminosity of (2–3) × 1033 cm−2 · s−1. Polarized deuterons and Helium-3, as well as unpolarized ion beams from Carbon to Uranium, will be also available at the EicC.
The main foci of the EicC will be precision measurements of the structure of the nucleon in the sea quark region, including 3D tomography of nucleon; the partonic structure of nuclei and the parton interaction with the nuclear environment; the exotic states, especially those with heavy flavor quark contents. In addition, issues fundamental to understanding the origin of mass could be addressed by measurements of heavy quarkonia near-threshold production at the EicC. In order to achieve the above-mentioned physics goals, a hermetical detector system will be constructed with cutting-edge technologies.
This document is the result of collective contributions and valuable inputs from experts across the globe. The EicC physics program complements the ongoing scientific programs at the Jefferson Laboratory and the future EIC project in the United States. The success of this project will also advance both nuclear and particle physics as well as accelerator and detector technology in China.
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Acknowledgements
In 2018, we started the process of writing an EicC White Paper in order to, on one hand, unite the Chinese QCD and hadron physics community and, on the other hand, to establish an electron-ion collider whose somewhat lower center-of-mass energy serves to complement the US EIC physics program. It would not have been possible for us to complete this document within two-and-a-half years without generous assistance from many colleagues all over the world. We are grateful for support from the Institute of Modern Physics; and sincerely thank S. J. Brodsky, J.-P. Chen, A. Deshpande, H. Y. Gao, S. Goloskokov, T. Horn, X. D. Ji, S. Joosten, V. Kubarovsky, Z. E. Meziani, J. W. Qiu, E. Sichtermann, F. Yuan, Y. S. Yuan, J. X. Zhang, X. B. Zhao, Z. W. Zhao, and F. Zimmermann for helpful discussions and valuable advice. We would also like to thank the referees from Frontiers of Physics journal for their critical reading of the early version of the document and constructive suggestions. During the studies necessary for the preparation of this document, we were granted access to an array of software packages written by others, including DJANGOH, DSSV14, eSTARlight, LAGER, LHAPDF, MILOU, NNPDF, PARTONS, and Pythia.