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Electron-ion collider in China
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  • Review Article
  • Open Access
  • Published: 25 June 2021

Electron-ion collider in China

  • Daniele P. Anderle1,
  • Valerio Bertone2,
  • Xu Cao3,4,
  • Lei Chang5,
  • Ningbo Chang6,
  • Gu Chen7,
  • Xurong Chen3,4,
  • Zhuojun Chen8,
  • Zhufang Cui9,
  • Lingyun Dai8,
  • Weitian Deng10,
  • Minghui Ding11,
  • Xu Feng12,
  • Chang Gong12,
  • Longcheng Gui13,
  • Feng-Kun Guo4,14,
  • Chengdong Han3,4,
  • Jun He15,
  • Tie-Jiun Hou16,
  • Hongxia Huang15,
  • Yin Huang17,
  • KrešImir KumeričKi18,
  • L. P. Kaptari3,19,
  • Demin Li20,
  • Hengne Li1,
  • Minxiang Li3,21,
  • Xueqian Li5,
  • Yutie Liang3,4,
  • Zuotang Liang22,
  • Chen Liu22,
  • Chuan Liu12,
  • Guoming Liu1,
  • Jie Liu3,4,
  • Liuming Liu3,4,
  • Xiang Liu21,
  • Tianbo Liu22,
  • Xiaofeng Luo23,
  • Zhun Lyu24,
  • Boqiang Ma12,
  • Fu Ma3,4,
  • Jianping Ma4,14,
  • Yugang Ma4,25,26,
  • Lijun Mao3,4,
  • Cédric Mezrag2,
  • Hervé Moutarde2,
  • Jialun Ping15,
  • Sixue Qin27,
  • Hang Ren3,4,
  • Craig D. Roberts9,
  • Juan Rojo28,29,
  • Guodong Shen3,4,
  • Chao Shi30,
  • Qintao Song20,
  • Hao Sun31,
  • Paweł Sznajder32,
  • Enke Wang1,
  • Fan Wang9,
  • Qian Wang1,
  • Rong Wang3,4,
  • Ruiru Wang3,4,
  • Taofeng Wang33,
  • Wei Wang34,
  • Xiaoyu Wang20,
  • Xiaoyun Wang35,
  • Jiajun Wu4,
  • Xinggang Wu27,
  • Lei Xia36,
  • Bowen Xiao23,37,
  • Guoqing Xiao3,4,
  • Ju-Jun Xie3,4,
  • Yaping Xie3,4,
  • Hongxi Xing1,
  • Hushan Xu3,4,
  • Nu Xu3,4,23,
  • Shusheng Xu38,
  • Mengshi Yan12,
  • Wenbiao Yan36,
  • Wencheng Yan20,
  • Xinhu Yan39,
  • Jiancheng Yang3,4,
  • Yi-Bo Yang4,14,
  • Zhi Yang40,
  • Deliang Yao8,
  • Zhihong Ye41,
  • Peilin Yin38,
  • C.-P. Yuan42,
  • Wenlong Zhan3,4,
  • Jianhui Zhang43,
  • Jinlong Zhang22,
  • Pengming Zhang44,
  • Yifei Zhang36,
  • Chao-Hsi Chang4,14,
  • Zhenyu Zhang45,
  • Hongwei Zhao3,4,
  • Kuang-Ta Chao12,
  • Qiang Zhao4,46,
  • Yuxiang Zhao3,4,
  • Zhengguo Zhao36,
  • Liang Zheng47,
  • Jian Zhou22,
  • Xiang Zhou45,
  • Xiaorong Zhou36,
  • Bingsong Zou4,14 &
  • …
  • Liping Zou3,4 

Frontiers of Physics volume 16, Article number: 64701 (2021) Cite this article

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Abstract

Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles such as nucleons as well as nuclei. As a future high energy nuclear physics project, an Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) has been proposed. It will be constructed based on an upgraded heavy-ion accelerator, High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) which is currently under construction, together with a new electron ring. The proposed collider will provide highly polarized electrons (with a polarization of ∼80%) and protons (with a polarization of ∼70%) with variable center of mass energies from 15 to 20 GeV and the luminosity of (2–3) × 1033 cm−2 · s−1. Polarized deuterons and Helium-3, as well as unpolarized ion beams from Carbon to Uranium, will be also available at the EicC.

The main foci of the EicC will be precision measurements of the structure of the nucleon in the sea quark region, including 3D tomography of nucleon; the partonic structure of nuclei and the parton interaction with the nuclear environment; the exotic states, especially those with heavy flavor quark contents. In addition, issues fundamental to understanding the origin of mass could be addressed by measurements of heavy quarkonia near-threshold production at the EicC. In order to achieve the above-mentioned physics goals, a hermetical detector system will be constructed with cutting-edge technologies.

This document is the result of collective contributions and valuable inputs from experts across the globe. The EicC physics program complements the ongoing scientific programs at the Jefferson Laboratory and the future EIC project in the United States. The success of this project will also advance both nuclear and particle physics as well as accelerator and detector technology in China.

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Acknowledgements

In 2018, we started the process of writing an EicC White Paper in order to, on one hand, unite the Chinese QCD and hadron physics community and, on the other hand, to establish an electron-ion collider whose somewhat lower center-of-mass energy serves to complement the US EIC physics program. It would not have been possible for us to complete this document within two-and-a-half years without generous assistance from many colleagues all over the world. We are grateful for support from the Institute of Modern Physics; and sincerely thank S. J. Brodsky, J.-P. Chen, A. Deshpande, H. Y. Gao, S. Goloskokov, T. Horn, X. D. Ji, S. Joosten, V. Kubarovsky, Z. E. Meziani, J. W. Qiu, E. Sichtermann, F. Yuan, Y. S. Yuan, J. X. Zhang, X. B. Zhao, Z. W. Zhao, and F. Zimmermann for helpful discussions and valuable advice. We would also like to thank the referees from Frontiers of Physics journal for their critical reading of the early version of the document and constructive suggestions. During the studies necessary for the preparation of this document, we were granted access to an array of software packages written by others, including DJANGOH, DSSV14, eSTARlight, LAGER, LHAPDF, MILOU, NNPDF, PARTONS, and Pythia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Institute of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China

    Daniele P. Anderle, Hengne Li, Guoming Liu, Enke Wang, Qian Wang & Hongxi Xing

  2. IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Valerio Bertone, Cédric Mezrag & Hervé Moutarde

  3. Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    Xu Cao, Xurong Chen, Chengdong Han, L. P. Kaptari, Minxiang Li, Yutie Liang, Jie Liu, Liuming Liu, Fu Ma, Lijun Mao, Hang Ren, Guodong Shen, Rong Wang, Ruiru Wang, Guoqing Xiao, Ju-Jun Xie, Yaping Xie, Hushan Xu, Nu Xu, Jiancheng Yang, Wenlong Zhan, Hongwei Zhao, Yuxiang Zhao & Liping Zou

  4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Xu Cao, Xurong Chen, Feng-Kun Guo, Chengdong Han, Yutie Liang, Jie Liu, Liuming Liu, Fu Ma, Jianping Ma, Yugang Ma, Lijun Mao, Hang Ren, Guodong Shen, Rong Wang, Ruiru Wang, Jiajun Wu, Guoqing Xiao, Ju-Jun Xie, Yaping Xie, Hushan Xu, Nu Xu, Jiancheng Yang, Yi-Bo Yang, Wenlong Zhan, Chao-Hsi Chang, Hongwei Zhao, Qiang Zhao, Yuxiang Zhao, Bingsong Zou & Liping Zou

  5. Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China

    Lei Chang & Xueqian Li

  6. Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China

    Ningbo Chang

  7. School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China

    Gu Chen

  8. Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China

    Zhuojun Chen, Lingyun Dai & Deliang Yao

  9. Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China

    Zhufang Cui, Craig D. Roberts & Fan Wang

  10. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Weitian Deng

  11. European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*) and Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Villa Tambosi, Strada delle Tabarelle 286, I-38123, Villazzano, TN, Italy

    Minghui Ding

  12. School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Xu Feng, Chang Gong, Chuan Liu, Boqiang Ma, Mengshi Yan & Kuang-Ta Chao

  13. Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China

    Longcheng Gui

  14. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

    Feng-Kun Guo, Jianping Ma, Yi-Bo Yang, Chao-Hsi Chang & Bingsong Zou

  15. Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Jun He, Hongxia Huang & Jialun Ping

  16. Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China

    Tie-Jiun Hou

  17. Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610000, China

    Yin Huang

  18. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička c. 32, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

    KrešImir KumeričKi

  19. Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, 141980, Russia

    L. P. Kaptari

  20. School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China

    Demin Li, Qintao Song, Xiaoyu Wang & Wencheng Yan

  21. Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    Minxiang Li & Xiang Liu

  22. Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China

    Zuotang Liang, Chen Liu, Tianbo Liu, Jinlong Zhang & Jian Zhou

  23. Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE) and Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China

    Xiaofeng Luo, Bowen Xiao & Nu Xu

  24. School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China

    Zhun Lyu

  25. Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China

    Yugang Ma

  26. Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China

    Yugang Ma

  27. Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China

    Sixue Qin & Xinggang Wu

  28. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Juan Rojo

  29. Nikhef Theory Group Science Park 105, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Juan Rojo

  30. Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China

    Chao Shi

  31. Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China

    Hao Sun

  32. National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Pasteura 7, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland

    Paweł Sznajder

  33. School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China

    Taofeng Wang

  34. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Wei Wang

  35. Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China

    Xiaoyun Wang

  36. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Lei Xia, Wenbiao Yan, Yifei Zhang, Zhengguo Zhao & Xiaorong Zhou

  37. School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China

    Bowen Xiao

  38. School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Shusheng Xu & Peilin Yin

  39. Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245021, China

    Xinhu Yan

  40. School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China

    Zhi Yang

  41. Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Zhihong Ye

  42. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    C.-P. Yuan

  43. Center of Advanced Quantum Studies, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Jianhui Zhang

  44. School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China

    Pengming Zhang

  45. School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China

    Zhenyu Zhang & Xiang Zhou

  46. Institute of High Energy Physics and Theoretical Physics Center for Science Facilities, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Qiang Zhao

  47. School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China

    Liang Zheng

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