Abstract
Purpose
To define geo-climates, soil properties, and land use effect on soil total phosphorus (TP) and its fractions in plantation forests and farmlands in the high-latitude northern hemisphere.
Methods
We measured nine sequential leaching P fractions (H2O-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po, NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po, HCl-Pi, conc. HCl-Pi, conc. HCl-Po, and Residual-P) from paired shelterbelt and farmland soils in 14 regions of Northeast China.
Results
For the whole northeast (NE) China Plain statistics, TP averaged at 196.39 mg kg−1. 52.7% and 14.5% were from HCl-Pi and NaOH-Po, respectively. All P fractions in shelterbelts were lower than in farmlands (except for Re-P). (1) A paired t-test found lower NaHCO3-Pi (31%, p = 0.036), TPi (18%, p = 0.051), and NaOH-Pi percentage (1.72%, p = 0.033) in shelterbelts. (2) Compared to farmlands, shelterbelts tended to have lower NaHCO3-Po and TPi in low latitude regions, while having lower NaOH-Pi, conc. HCl-Pi, and Po in low pH regions. Warm regions had higher NaOH-Pi, HCl-Pi and conc. HCl-Pi but lower conc. HCl-Po. Alkalization reduced NaOH-P and conc. HCl-P but increased HCl-Pi. Variation partitioning found that soil factors explained 35.3%–50% of P variations, followed by geo-climates (23.3%–23.5%). (3) Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) and soil fungi regulated poplar-farmland P, and strong geo-climate and soil pH interactions were found. We identified five Inocybe species positively related to conc. HCl-Po, which was accompanied by the lower GRSP and strengthened at higher latitudes. Mortierella_alpina, Otidea_brunneoparva, and Leveillula_taurica could increase the stoichiometric percent of NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi, but decrease HCl-Pi percentage, and this can be weakened in high pH soils.
Conclusions
Our results highlight that soil alkalization, latitude, and soil fungi determined shelterbelt-farmland soil P, favoring the proper P management in NE China.
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Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
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Funding
This study was supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 41877324), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant numbers 2572020AW21 and 2572021DT03), and China’s National Foundation of Natural Sciences [grant numbers 41730641].
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Meina Zhu: investigation, writing—original draft, validation, and formal analysis. Yufeng Guo: investigation and writing—original draft. Xudong Cao: investigation. Yanbo Yang: investigation. Qian Du: investigation. Jing Lou: investigation. Wenjie Wang: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, and funding acquisition. Yan Wu: writing—review and editing. Huimei Wang: resources, writing—review and editing, supervision, and funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Zhu, M., Guo, Y., Cao, X. et al. Shelterbelt-farmland differences in P fractions interacted with soil alkalization, geoclimatic conditions, and soil fungi in Northeast China Plain. J Soils Sediments 23, 3937–3957 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03551-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03551-6