Independent information modules—a powerful approach for life cycle management

Abstract

Background, aim, and scope

The term “information module” has been initially introduced by ISO 14025 (ISO 14025 2006) which specifies Type III environmental declarations. It comprises a set of predetermined parameters (PDPs) assigned to a process. Such a process can be part of a product system, i.e., a unit process or a combination of unit processes as, e.g., the production processes of a company. Independent information modules (IIMs) of processes within a system are modeled in a way that the predetermined parameters of the information modules related to these processes are identical and sufficiently independent so they can be added up to the predetermined parameters of such a system, typically after multiplication with specific factors based on the reference flow of the system.

Materials and methods

This paper shows how IIMs can be used as powerful approach in life cycle management and how operations, goods, and services of a company can be modeled efficiently with the help of IIMs. To define environmental objectives of their operations, organizations typically assess their foreground processes but do not apply system expansion for each of the foreground processes to include background processes. With the help of IIMs, background processes can be easily included, and the PDPs, therefore, also include both direct and indirect elementary flows, i.e., emissions and resources. In a “plant ecobalance” the PDPs of the different (foreground and background) processes of an organization can be determined and added up. This provides each process owner with important information about the environmental aspects which he or she can control and shows options for setting and implementing environmental objectives. For specific purposes, the number of PDPs can be restricted or even limited to one parameter, e.g., the carbon footprint. This paper illustrates the method with one example of the aluminum industry (carbon footprint of an automotive bumper beam) and shows how PDPs of product systems can be built up from IIMs which represent the different stages of a life cycle; how such results can show the influence of these stages in a transparent way, as required as a part of the life cycle interpretation phase.

Results and discussion

Life cycle assessments (LCAs) based on IIMs follow the principles and requirements of ISO 14040 (2006) and ISO 14044 (2006), as applicable. However, as a specific approach of life cycle management, they can obtain the required information with less effort than “conventional” LCAs where, following the guidance of ISO 14044, indicator results are calculated after the inventory data have been aggregated for the whole product system. Future efforts in ISO standardization should strengthen the role of LCA as a tool of environmental management.