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From stand-up to start-up: exploring entrepreneurship competences and STEM women’s intention

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A Correction to this article was published on 01 July 2020

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Abstract

This study seeks to explore the relationship between entrepreneurship competencies and intention (EI) of a sample of potential STEM entrepreneurs in order to assess the conventional assumption on women exhibiting lower rates of entrepreneurship intention than men and that the lack of competence perceived is a higher barrier to be an entrepreneur for them. The model used for the analysis takes as reference the Entrepreneurship Competences Framework (EntreComp) proposed by the European Commission (EC) as a common guide to inspire entrepreneurship education. Data gathering is based on a structured questionnaire. The conducted analysis uses Student’s t test means comparison and factor analysis to define the model of competences, and a multiple regression model to study the relationship between competences and skill factors in EI. Findings do not validate the hypothesis that women have fewer entrepreneurship intentions than men. Also, slight differences on the self-perceived competences are obtained by gender. In addition, the study confirms the hypothesis of a positive relationship between competences and EI, but here gender is not a moderating factor. Results are expected to contribute to the entrepreneurship competences debate and provide useful insights of application in entrepreneurship education with orientation towards the business creation.

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Change history

  • 01 July 2020

    The author included the name of her University in English ���Technical University of Madrid��� and it seems that to validate it for her PhD tramitation, it should appear in its original name ���Universidad Polit��cnica de Madrid���. Change applies for all authors.

Notes

  1. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1223

  2. In the European Union only 10.8% of 16–64 years old population intend to start a business compared to 14.3% in North America, 26.2% in Asia and Oceania, 32.3% in Latin America and 33.4% in Africa (GEM 2018). Particularising the analysis for Spain, global indexes show that entrepreneurship intention in 2017 had the third lowest rate (5.6%) (GEM, 2018) from a list of 54 countries.

  3. The ActuaUPM entrepreneurship education initiative is aimed at students (31.7% of woman at UPM in 2015), teachers and researchers (24.7% of woman at UPM in 2015) of the Technical University of Madrid (UPM), and is structured in three phases through which participants evolve, from the idea stage to business plan development and, in some cases, to the formal consolidation of a new venture. The program has already run on 14 occasions, and a total of 146 firms were founded from UPM during the period 1998–2013, most linked to ActuaUPM.

  4. Additionally, a discriminant analysis using the six variables and the Wilks’ Lambda test indicates no significant differences between the two groups (p value is 0.820).

  5. Equal variances can be assumed in all items excepting O2 (Development of creative and purposeful idea), O9 (Leadership skills) and O16 (Defining priorities and action plans).

  6. Although limitations of the data under analysis could suggest to use Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for independent sample as a non-parametric method asymptotically more powerful, whenever the difference in means is desired for interpretation of the data then the t-tests are preferred (Fay & Proschan, 2010).

  7. The theoretical grouping was maintained and a principal components analysis (PCA) was carried out in each block of items. The scores obtained for the first components in each analysis were chosen as an indirect measure of the unobservable construct. Principal components analysis is used for dimension reduction and the loading factors of variables are showed in Table 4. SPSS software was used for the analysis. The analysis obtains an index (construct) for each block that is a linear combination of the items that define it. This indicator extracts the maximum information from the group of associated items.

    We used a Cronbach’s test to test the reliability and validity of the latent variables (constructs), obtaining satisfactory internal consistency for all the constructs proposed (EI 0.92; ID 0.78; PR 0.70; SK 0.70; IA 0.74). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO), which indicates the proportion of variance that might be caused by underlying factors, was above 0.55 and around 0.80 for most factor analysis (EI KMO = 0.88; ID KMO = 0.80; PR KMO = 0.64; SK KMO =0.57; IA KMO = 0.67). Bartlett’s tests of sphericity are highly significant in all cases, which indicated that a factor analysis may be useful. The confirmatory analysis did not finally support the theoretical four constructs grouping proposed by the EntreComp -Estimator ML, Model Fit Statistic 393.538, Degrees of freedom 203, P value Chi-square 0.000- (Hooper et al. 2008; Kline 2011).

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Acknowledgments

The authors want to acknowledge the collaboration of the ActuaUPM program of the Technical University of Madrid, and particularly express their gratitude to Ms. Elisa Navarro, coordinator of the program, for her proactive collaboration and support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain

    Cristina Armuña & Alberto Arenal

  2. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain

    Sergio Ramos

  3. Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain

    Jesús Juan

  4. Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

    Claudio Feijóo

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Armuña, C., Ramos, S., Juan, J. et al. From stand-up to start-up: exploring entrepreneurship competences and STEM women’s intention. Int Entrep Manag J 16, 69–92 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00627-z

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