Abstract
The presence of microplastics (MPs) in marine ecosystems is widespread and extensive. They have even reached the deepest parts of the ocean and polar regions. The number of articles on plastic pollution has increased in recent years, but few have investigated the MPs from oceanic islands which are biodiversity hotspots. We investigated the possible microplastic contamination their source and characteristics in surface waters off Kavaratti Island and in the gastrointestinal tract (GT) of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis collected from Kavaratti Island of the Lakshadweep archipelago. A total of 424 MP particles were isolated from the surface water samples collected from off Kavaratti Island with an average abundance of 5 ± 1nos./L. A total of 117 MPs were recovered from the GT of skipjack tuna from 30 individual fishes. This points to a potential threat of MP contamination in seafood around the world since this species has a high value in local and international markets. Fiber and blue color were the most common microplastic morphotypes and colors encountered, respectively, both from surface water and GT of fish. Smaller MPs (0.01–1 mm) made up a greater portion of the recovered materials, and most of them were secondary MPs. Polyethylene and polypropylene were the most abundant polymers found in this study. The Pollution Load Index (1.3 ± 0.21) of the surface water and skipjack tuna (1 ± 0.7) indicates a minor ecological risk for the coral islands, while the Polymer Hazard Index highlights the ecological risk of polymers, even at low MP concentrations. This pioneer study sheds preliminary light on the abundance, properties, and environmental risks of MPs to this highly biodiverse ecosystem.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data is submitted to the data center of the CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, and the data can be made available as per the terms and conditions of the institute.
References
Abbasi SS, Keshavarzi N, Moore B, Turner F, Hassanaghaei AM (2018) Microplastics in different tissues of fish and prawn from the Musa Estuary, Persian Gulf. J Chemosphere 205:80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.076
Akhbarizadeh R, Dobaradaran S, Nabipour I, Tajbakhsh S, Darabi AH, Spitz J (2020a) Abundance, composition, and potential intake of microplastics in canned fish. Mar Pollut Bull 160:111633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111633
Akhbarizadeh R, Dobaradaran S, Schmidt TC, Nabipour I, Spitz J (2020b) Worldwide bottled water occurrence of emerging contaminants: a review of the recent scientific literature. J Hazard Mater 392:122271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122271
Akhbarizadeh R, Dobaradaran S, Nabipour I, Tangestani M, Abedi D, Javanfekr F, Jeddi F, Zendehboodi A (2021a) Abandoned COVID-19 personal protective equipment along the Bushehr shores, the Persian Gulf: an emerging source of secondary microplastics in coastlines. Mar Pollut Bull 168:112386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112386
Akhbarizadeh R, Dobaradaran S, Torkmahalleh MA, Saeedi R, Aibaghi R, Ghasemi FF (2021) Suspended fine particulate matter (PM2. 5), microplastics (MPs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air: their possible relationships and health implications. Environ Res 192:110339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110339
Akhtar S, Pranay K, Kumari K (2023) Personal protective equipment and micro-nano plastics: a review of an unavoidable interrelation for a global well-being hazard. Hyg Environ Health Adv 100055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heha.2023.100055
Alimi OS, Farner Budarz J, Hernandez LM, Tufenkji N (2018) Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments: aggregation, deposition, and enhanced contaminant transport. Environ Sci Technol 52:1704–1724. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05559
Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. J Mar Pollut Bull 1596–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
Andreas HT, Sathishkumar P, Prasetia H, Hikmat PED, Tasfiyati AN, Muzdalifah D, Waluyo J, Randy A, Ramadhaningtyas DP, Zuas O, Sari AA (2021) Microplastic contamination in the Skipjack Tuna (Euthynnus affinis) collected from Southern Coast of Java Indonesia. Chemosphere 276:130185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130185
Antony S, Dev VV, Kaliraj S, Ambili MS, Krishnan KA (2020) Seasonal variability of groundwater quality in coastal aquifers of Kavaratti Island, Lakshadweep Archipelago India. Groundw Sustain Dev 11:100377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100377
Anu Pavithran V (2021) Study on microplastic pollution in the coastal seawaters of selected regions along the northern coast of Kerala, southwest coast of India. J Sea Res 173:102060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2021.102060
Arreola-Alarcón IM, Reyes-Bonilla H, Sakthi JS, Rodríguez-González F, Jonathan MP (2022) Seasonal tendencies of microplastics around coral reefs in selected Marine Protected National Parks of Gulf of California. Mex Mar Pollut Bull 175:113333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113333
Awoyera PO, Adesina A (2020) Plastic wastes to construction products: status, limitations and future perspective. Case Stud Constr Mater 12:e00330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00330
Baalkhuyur FM, Bin Dohaish EJA, Elhalwagy MEA, Alikunhi NM, AlSuwailem AM, Røstad A, Coker DJ, Berumen ML, Duarte CM (2018) Microplastic in the gastrointestinal tract of fishes along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast. Mar Pollut Bull 131:407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.040
Barrett J, Chase Z, Zhang J, Holl MMB, Willis K, Williams A, Hardesty BD, Wilcox C (2020) Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments from the Great Australian Bight. Front Mar Sci 7:576170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.576170
Bhagat K, Barrios AC, Rajwade K, Kumar A, Oswald J, Apul O, Perreault F (2022) Aging of microplastics increases their adsorption affinity towards organic contaminants. Chemosphere 298:134238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134238
Blair RM, Waldron S, Phoenix VR, Gauchotte-Lindsay C (2019) Microscopy and elemental analysis characterisation of microplastics in sediment of a freshwater urban river in Scotland UK. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:12491–12504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04678-1
Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson R (2011) Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 45:9175–9179. https://doi.org/10.1021/es201811s
Cabansag JBP, Olimberio RB, Villanobos ZMT (2021) Microplastics in some fish species and their environs in Eastern Visayas Philippines. Mar Pollut Bull 167:112312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112312
Cabrejos-Cardeña U, De-la-Torre GE, Dobaradaran S, Rangabhashiyam S (2023) An ecotoxicological perspective of microplastics released by face masks. J Hazard Mater 443:130273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130273
Campanale C, Massarelli C, Savino I, Locaputo V, Uricchio VF (2020) A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health. Int J Environ Health Res 17(4):1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041212
Chagnon C, Thiel M, Antunes J, Ferreira JL, Sobral P, Ory NC (2018) Plastic ingestion and trophic transfer between Easter Island flying fish (Cheilopogon rapanouiensis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from Rapa Nui (Easter Island). Environ Pollut 243:127–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.042
Choudhary S, Neelavanan K, Saalim SM (2022) Microplastics in the surface sediments of Krossfjord-Kongsfjord system, Svalbard Arctic. Mar Pollut Bull 176:113452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113452
Claessens M, Meester SD, Landuyt LV, Clerck KD, Janssen CR (2011) Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2199–2204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.030
CMFRI, Kochi (2021) CMFRI annual report 2021
Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2011) Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2588–2597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025
Cole M, Lindeque P, Fileman E, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2015) The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Environ Sci Technol 49:1130–1137. https://doi.org/10.1021/es504525u
Collard F, Gilbert B, Compère P, Eppe G, Das K, Jauniaux T, Parmentier E (2017) Microplastics in livers of European anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.). Environ Pollut 229:1000–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.089
Çomaklı E, Bingöl MS, Bilgili A (2020) Assessment of microplastic pollution in a crater lake at high altitude: a case study in an urban crater lake in Erzurum Turkey. Water Air Soil Pollut 231:275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04653-4
Crawford CB, Quinn B (2017) Microplastic pollutants.1st edition. Elsevier. ISBN: 9780128094068
da Silva JM, Alves LMF, Laranjeiro MI, Bessa F, Silva AV, Norte AC, Lemos MFL, Ramos JA, Novais SC, Ceia FR (2022) Accumulation of chemical elements and occurrence of microplastics in small pelagic fish from a neritic environment. Environ Pollut 292:118451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118451
Daniel DB, Ashraf PM, Thomas SN (2020) Microplastics in the edible and inedible tissues of pelagic fishes sold for human consumption in Kerala India. Environ Pollut 266:115365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115365
Daniel DB, Ashraf PM, Thomas SN, Thomson KT (2021) Microplastics in the edible tissues of shellfishes sold for human consumption. Chemosphere 264:128554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128554
de Vries AN, Govoni D, Árnason SH, Carlsson P (2020) Microplastic ingestion by fish: Body size, condition factor and gut fullness are not related to the amount of plastics consumed. Mar Pollut Bull 151:110827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110827
Debbarma N, Gurjar UR, Ramteke KK, Shenoy L, Nayak BB, Bhushan S, Geethalakshmi V, Xavier M (2022) Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in gastrointestinal tracts and gills of croaker fish (Johnius dussumieri) from off Mumbai coastal waters of India. Mar Pollut Bull 176:113473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113473
De-la-Torre GE, Dioses-Salinas DC, Dobaradaran S, Spitz J, Nabipour I, Keshtkar M, Akhbarizadeh R, Tangestani M, Abedi D, Javanfekr F (2022a) Release of phthalate esters (PAEs) and microplastics (MPs) from face masks and gloves during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Res 215:114337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114337
De-la-Torre GE, Pizarro-Ortega CI, Dioses-Salinas DC, Rakib MRJ, Ramos W, Pretell V, Ribeiro VV, Castro ÍB, Dobaradaran S (2022b) First record of plastiglomerates, pyroplastics, and plasticrusts in South America. Sci Total Environ 833:155179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155179
De-la-Torre GE, Dioses-Salinas DC, Pizarro-Ortega CI, López ADF, Severini MDF, Rimondino GN, Malanca FE, Dobaradaran S, Aragaw TA, Mghili B, Ayala F (2023a) Plastic and paint debris in marine protected areas of Peru. Sci Total Environ 901:165788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165788
De-la-Torre GE, Pizarro-Ortega CI, Dioses-Salinas DC, Ribeiro VV, Urizar Garfias Reyes DF, Ben-Haddad M, Rakib MRJ, Dobaradaran S (2023c) Micro-and mesoplastic pollution along the coast of Peru. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(27):71396–71408
De-la-Torre GE, Pizarro-Ortega CI, Dioses-Salinas DC, Reyes DFUG, Severini MDF, López ADF, Rakib MR, Dobaradaran S (2023b) Release of micro/nanoplastics from face masks into the marine environment: Measurements and ecotoxicity. Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apmp.2023.06.003
Devi SS, Sreedevi AV, Kumar AB (2020) First report of microplastic ingestion by the alien fish Pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) in the Ramsar site Vembanad Lake, south India. Mar Pollut Bull 160:111637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111637
Devriese LI, De Witte B, Vethaak AD, Hostens K, Leslie HA (2017) Bioaccumulation of PCBs from microplastics in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus): an experimental study. Chemosphere 186:10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.121
Diaz-Basantes MF, Nacimba-Aguirre D, Conesa JA, Fullana A (2022) Presence of microplastics in commercial canned tuna. Food Chem 385:132721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132721
Ding J, Jiang F, Li J, Wang Z, Sun C, Wang Z, Fu L, Ding NX, He C (2019a) Microplastics in the coral reef systems from Xisha Islands of South China Sea. Environ Sci Technol 53:8036–8046. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01452
Ding L, fan Mao R, Guo X, Yang X, Zhang Q, Yang C (2019b) Microplastics in surface waters and sediments of the Wei River, in the northwest of China. Sci Total Environ 667:427–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.332
Dobaradaran S, Schmidt TC, Nabipour I, Khajeahmadi N, Tajbakhsh S, Saeedi R, Mohammadi MJ, Keshtkar M, Khorsand M, Ghasemi FF (2018) Characterization of plastic debris and association of metals with microplastics in coastline sediment along the Persian Gulf. Waste Manag 78:649–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.037
Duis K, Coors A (2016) Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects. Environ Sci Eur 28:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-015-0069-y
Duncan EM, Broderick AC, Fuller WJ, Galloway TS, Godfrey MH, Hamann M, Limpus CJ, Lindeque PK, Mayes AG, Omeyer LCM, Santillo D, Snape RTE, Godley BJ (2019) Microplastic ingestion ubiquitous in marine turtles. Glob Change Biol 25:744–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14519
Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, Borerro JC, Galgani F, Ryan PG, Reisser J (2014) Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLoS ONE 9:e111913. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
Erni-Cassola G, Zadjelovic V, Gibson MI, Christie-Oleza JA (2019) Distribution of plastic polymer types in the marine environment; a meta-analysis. J Hazard Mater 369:691–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.067
Esposito G, Prearo M, Renzi M, Anselmi S, Cesarani A, Barcelò D, Dondo A, Pastorino P (2022) Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of benthic by–catches from an eastern Mediterranean deep–sea environment. Mar Pollut Bull 174:113231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113231
Fang C, Zheng R, Zhang Y, Hong F, Mu J, Chen M, Song P, Lin L, Lin H, Le F, Bo J (2018) Microplastic contamination in benthic organisms from the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Chemosphere 209:298–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.101
FAO (2022) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022 Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en. Accessed 28 January 2023
Ferreira M, Thompson J, Paris A, Rohindra D, Rico C (2020) Presence of microplastics in water, sediments and fish species in an urban coastal environment of Fiji, a Pacific small island developing state. Mar Pollut Bull 153:110991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110991
Fisner M, Taniguchi S, Moreira F, Bícego MC, Turra A (2013) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plastic pellets: variability in the concentration and composition at different sediment depths in a sandy beach. Mar Pollut Bull 70:219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.008
Fu D, Zhang Q, Fan Z, Qi H, Wang Z, Peng L (2019) Aged microplastics polyvinyl chloride interact with copper and cause oxidative stress towards microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Aquat Toxicol 216:105319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105319
Galloway TS, Cole M, Lewis C (2017) Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem. Nat Ecol Evol 1:0116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0116
Gerking SD (1994) Feeding Ecology of Fish. Academic Press, San Diego
Ghosh GC, Akter SM, Islam RM, Habib A, Chakraborty TK, Zaman S, Kabir AHME, Shipin OV, Wahid MA (2021) Microplastics contamination in commercial marine fish from the Bay of Bengal. Reg Stud Mar Sci 44:101728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101728
Goswami P, Vinithkumar NV, Dharani G (2020) First evidence of microplastics bioaccumulation by marine organisms in the Port Blair Bay Andaman Islands. Mar Pollut Bull 155:111163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111163
Gregory MR (2009) Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings—entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions. Phil Trans r Soc B 364:2013–2025. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0265
Gurumoorthi K, Luis AJ (2023) Recent trends on microplastics abundance and risk assessment in coastal Antarctica: Regional meta-analysis. Environ Pollut 121385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121385
Güven O, Gökdağ K, Jovanović B, Kıdeyş AE (2017) Microplastic litter composition of the Turkish territorial waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and its occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Environ Pollut 223:286–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.025
Hajiouni S, Mohammadi A, Ramavandi B, Arfaeinia H, De-la-Torre GE, Tekle-Röttering A, Dobaradaran S (2022) Occurrence of microplastics and phthalate esters in urban runoff: a focus on the Persian Gulf coastline. Sci Total Environ 806:150559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150559
He B, Wijesiri B, Ayoko GA, Egodawatta P, Rintoul L, Goonetilleke A (2020) Influential factors on microplastics occurrence in river sediments. Sci Total Environ 738:139901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139901
Herrera A, Acosta-Dacal A, Pérez Luzardo O, Martínez I, Rapp J, Reinold S, Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Montero D, Gómez M (2022) Bioaccumulation of additives and chemical contaminants from environmental microplastics in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Sci Total Environ 822:153396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153396
Hoang TC, Mitten S (2022) Microplastic accumulation in the gastrointestinal tracts of nestling and adult migratory birds. Sci Total Environ 838:155827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155827
Honryo T, Sakurai Y, Yamao S, Okada T, Agawa Y, Sawada Y (2021) The problem of marine litters for cultured teleost. Mar Pollut Bull 170:112679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112679
Horton AA, Barnes DK (2020) Microplastic pollution in a rapidly changing world: implications for remote and vulnerable marine ecosystems. Sci Total Environ 738:140349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140349
Hurley J, Hardege J, Wollenberg Valero KC, Morley S (2021) In situ microplastics ingestion by Antarctic marine benthic invertebrates. In: EGU general assembly conference abstracts, pp EGU21–10252. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10252
Hussien NA, Mohammadein A, Tantawy EM, Khattab Y, Al Malki JS (2021) Investigating microplastics and potentially toxic elements contamination in canned Tuna, Salmon, and Sardine fishes from Taif markets KSA. Open Life Sci 16(1):827–837. https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0086
Jaafar N, Azfaralariff A, Musa SM, Mohamed M, Yusoff AH, Lazim AM (2021) Occurrence, distribution and characteristics of microplastics in gastrointestinal tract and gills of commercial marine fish from Malaysia. Sci Total Environ 799:149457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149457
Jabeen K, Su L, Li J, Yang D, Tong C, Mu J, Shi H (2017) Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China. Environ Pollut 221:141–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.055
Jabeen K, Li B, Chen Q, Su L, Wu C, Hollert H, Shi H (2018) Effects of virgin microplastics on goldfish (Carassius auratus). Chemosphere 213:323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.031
James K, Vasant K, Padua S, Gopinath V, Abilash KS, Jeyabaskaran R, Babu A, John S (2020) An assessment of microplastics in the ecosystem and selected commercially important fishes off Kochi, south eastern Arabian Sea India. Mar Pollut Bull 154:111027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111027
James K, Kripa V, Vineetha G, Padua S, Prema D, Babu A, John S, John S, Lavanya R, Joseph RV (2022) Microplastics in the environment and in commercially significant fishes of mud banks, an ephemeral ecosystem formed along the southwest coast of India. Environ Res 204:112351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112351
Joshy A, Krupesha Sharma SR, Mini KG (2022) Microplastic contamination in commercially important bivalves from the southwest coast of India. Environ Pollut 305:119250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119250
Jovanović B, Gökdağ K, Güven O, Emre Y, Whitley EM, Kideys AE (2018) Virgin microplastics are not causing imminent harm to fish after dietary exposure. Mar Pollut Bull 130:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.016
Joy A, Anoop PP, Rajesh R, Mathew A, Gopinath A (2020) Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of trace metals in the coral reef sediments of Kavaratti Island in Lakshadweep Archipelago Indian Ocean. J Soil Contam 29:209–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2019.1699899
Karami A, Golieskardi A, Choo CK, Romano N, Ho YB, Salamatinia B (2017) A high-performance protocol for extraction of microplastics in fish. Sci Total Environ 578:485–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.213
Karuppasamy PK, Ravi A, Vasudevan L, Elangovan MP, Dyana Mary P, Vincent SGT, Palanisami T (2020) Baseline survey of micro and mesoplastics in the gastro-intestinal tract of commercial fish from Southeast coast of the Bay of Bengal. Mar Pollut Bull 153:110974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110974
Kashfi FS, Ramavandi B, Arfaeinia H, Mohammadi A, Saeedi R, De-la-Torre GE, Dobaradaran S (2022) Occurrence and exposure assessment of microplastics in indoor dusts of buildings with different applications in Bushehr and Shiraz cities Iran. Sci Total Environ 829:154651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154651
Kaviarasan T, Naik S, Sivadas S, Dhineka K, Sambandam M, Sivyer D, Mishra P, Murthy MR (2020) Assessment of litter in the remote beaches of Lakshadweep Islands Arabian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 161:111760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111760
Kershaw PJ (2015) Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment
Khaleel R, Valsan G, Rangel-Buitrago N, Warrier AK (2023) Microplastics in the marine environment of St. Mary’s Island: implications for human health and conservation. Environ Monit Assess 195(9):1034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11651-6
Khalik WMAWM, Ibrahim YS, Tuan Anuar S, Govindasamy S, Baharuddin NF (2018) Microplastics analysis in Malaysian marine waters: a field study of Kuala Nerus and Kuantan. Mar Pollut Bull 135:451–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.052
Kristanti RA, Wong WL, Darmayati Y, Hatmanti A, Wulandari NF, Sibero MT, Afianti NF, Hernandes E, Lopez-Martinez F (2022) Characteristics of microplastic in commercial aquatic organisms. Trop Aquat Soil Pollut 2(2):134–158. https://doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v2i2.134
Krüger O, Kalbe U, Meißner K, Sobottka S (2014) Sorption effects interfering with the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in aqueous samples. Talanta 122:151–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.038
Lavers JL, Bond AL (2017) Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world’s most remote and pristine islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114(23):6052–6055. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619818114
Lee J, Hong S, Song YK, Hong SH, Jang YC, Jang M, Heo NW, Han GM, Lee MJ, Kang D, Shim WJ (2013) Relationships among the abundances of plastic debris in different size classes on beaches in South Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 77:349–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.08.013
Lee H, Shim WJ, Kwon JH (2014) Sorption capacity of plastic debris for hydrophobic organic chemicals. Sci Total Environ 470:1545–1552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.023
Lessy MR, Sabar M (2021) Microplastics ingestion by Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in Ternate, North Maluku - Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 1125:012085. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1125/1/012085
Li J, Yang D, Li L, Jabeen K, Shi H (2015) Microplastics in commercial bivalves from China. Environ Pollut 207:190–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.018
Li C, Wang X, Liu K, Zhu L, Wei ZC, Li D (2021) Pelagic microplastics in surface water of the Eastern Indian Ocean during monsoon transition period: abundance, distribution, and characteristics. Sci Total Environ 755:142629
Lim X (2021) Microplastics are everywhere- but are they harmful? Nature 593:22–25
Lim AHJ, Kristanti RA, Endrotjahyo E, Thao NTT, Adeyemi DA (2023) Microplastic ingestion in aquatic animals in South East Asia. Trop Environ Biol Technol 1(1):25–35. https://doi.org/10.53623/tebt.v1i1.223
Lin L, Ma LS, Li HX, Pan YF, Liu S, Zhang L, Peng JP, Fok L, Xu XR, He WH (2020) Low level of microplastic contamination in wild fish from an urban estuary. Mar Pollut Bull 160:111650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111650
Linnaeus C (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata 10(1):824 Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae
Lithner D, Larsson A, Dave G (2011) Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition. Sci Total Environ 409:3309–3324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038
Liu K, Wang X, Wei N, Song Z, Li D (2019) Accurate quantification and transport estimation of suspended atmospheric microplastics in megacities: implications for human health. Environ Int 132:105127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105127
Lo HS, Lee YK, Po BHK, Wong LC, Xu X, Wong CF, Wong CY, Tam NFY, Cheung SG (2020) Impacts of Typhoon Mangkhut in 2018 on the deposition of marine debris and microplastics on beaches in Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ 716:137172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137172
Lusher AL, Tirelli V, O’Connor I, Officer R (2015) Microplastics in Arctic polar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples. Sci Rep 5:14947. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14947
Lusher A, Hollman P, Mendoza-Hill J (2017) Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture: status of knowledge on their occurrence and implications for aquatic organisms and food safety. FAO
Ma J, Chen F, Xu H, Jiang H, Liu J, Li P, Chen CC, Pan K (2021) Face masks as a source of nanoplastics and microplastics in the environment: Quantification, characterization, and potential for bioaccumulation. Environ Pollut 288:117748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117748
Massos A, Turner A (2017) Cadmium, lead and bromine in beached microplastics. Environ Pollut 227:139–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.034
Masura J, Baker J, Foster G, Arthur C (2015) Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-604
Mission SC (2019) Ministry of housing and urban affairs. Government of India, Website: https://smartcities.gov.in
Mitra T, Mahanty A, Ganguly S, Mohanty BP (2020) Transcriptomic responses to pollution in natural riverine environment in Rita rita. Environ Res 186:109508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109508
Mohammadi A, Dobaradaran S, Schmidt TC, Malakootian M, Spitz J (2022a) Emerging contaminants migration from pipes used in drinking water distribution systems: a review of the scientific literature. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(50):75134–75160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23085-7
Mohammadi A, Malakootian M, Dobaradaran S, Hashemi M, Jaafarzadeh N (2022b) Occurrence, seasonal distribution, and ecological risk assessment of microplastics and phthalate esters in leachates of a landfill site located near the marine environment: Bushehr port, Iran as a case. Sci Total Environ 842:156838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156838
Mohammadi A, Malakootian M, Dobaradaran S, Hashemi M, Jaafarzadeh N, De-la-Torre GE (2023) Occurrence and ecological risks of microplastics and phthalate esters in organic solid wastes: In a landfill located nearby the Persian Gulf. Chemosphere 332:138910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138910
Mohan PM, Tiwari S, Karuvelan M, Malairajan S, Mageswaran T, Sachithanandam V (2022) A baseline study of meso and microplastic predominance in pristine beach sediment of the Indian tropical island ecosystem. Mar Pollut Bull 181:113825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113825
Monteiro RCP, do Sul JAI, Costa MF (2018) Plastic pollution in islands of the Atlantic Ocean. Environ Pollut 238:103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.096
Montoto-Martínez T, De la Fuente J, Puig-Lozano R, Marques N, Arbelo M, Hernández-Brito JJ, Fernández A, Gelado-Caballero MD (2021) Microplastics, bisphenols, phthalates and pesticides in odontocete species in the Macaronesian Region (Eastern North Atlantic). Mar Pollut Bull 173:113105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113105
Moore CJ (2008) Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: a rapidly increasing, long-term threat. Environ Res 108:131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025
Morgana S, Ghigliotti L, Estévez-Calvar N, Stifanese R, Wieckzorek A, Doyle T, Christiansen JS, Faimali M, Garaventa F (2018) Microplastics in the Arctic: a case study with sub-surface water and fish samples off Northeast Greenland. Environ Pollut 242:1078–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.001
Mugilarasan M, Venkatachalapathy R, Sharmila N, Gurumoorthi K (2017) Occurrence of microplastic resin pellets from Chennai and Tinnakkara Island: towards the establishment of background level for plastic pollution. Indian J Geo Mar Sci 46(06):1210–1212
Naidu SA, Ranga Rao V, Ramu K (2018) Microplastics in the benthic invertebrates from the coastal waters of Kochi Southeastern Arabian Sea. Environ Geochem Health 40:1377–1383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-0062-z
Napper IE, Baroth A, Barrett AC, Bhola S, Chowdhury GW, Davies BFR, Duncan EM, Kumar S, Nelms SE, Hasan Niloy MN, Nishat B, Maddalene T, Thompson RC, Koldewey H (2021) The abundance and characteristics of microplastics in surface water in the transboundary Ganges River. Environ Pollut 274:116348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116348
Nel HA, Sambrook Smith GH, Harmer R, Sykes R, Schneidewind U, Lynch I, Krause S (2020) Citizen science reveals microplastic hotspots within tidal estuaries and the remote Scilly Islands United Kingdom. Mar Pollut Bull 161:111776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111776
Nelms SE, Galloway TS, Godley BJ, Jarvis DS, Lindeque PK (2018) Investigating microplastic trophic transfer in marine top predators. Environ Pollut 238:999–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.016
Neves D, Sobral P, Ferreira JL, Pereira T (2015) Ingestion of microplastics by commercial fish off the Portuguese coast. Mar Pollut Bull 101:119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.008
New WX, Kristanti RA, Manik H, Wijayanti Y, Adeyemi DA (2023) Occurrence of microplastics in drinking water in South East Asia: a short review. Trop Environ Biol Technol 1(1):14–24. https://doi.org/10.53623/tebt.v1i1.221
Ng KL, Obbard JP (2006) Prevalence of microplastics in Singapore’s coastal marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 52:761–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.11.017
Nikki R, Abdul Jaleel KU, Ragesh S, Shini S, Saha M, Dinesh Kumar PK (2021) Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in commercially important bottom dwelling finfishes and shellfish of the Vembanad Lake India. Mar Pollut Bull 172:112803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112803
Nithin A, Sundaramanickam A, Iswarya P, Babu OG (2022) Hazard index of microplastics contamination in various fishes collected off Parangipettai Southeast Coast of India. Chemosphere 307:136037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136037
Ockelford A, Cundy A, Ebdon JE (2020) Storm response of fluvial sedimentary microplastics. Sci Rep 10(1):1865
Ory NC, Sobral P, Ferreira JL, Thiel M (2017) Amberstripe scad Decapterus muroadsi (Carangidae) fish ingest blue microplastics resembling their copepod prey along the coast of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Sci Total Environ 586:430–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.175
Pagter E, Frias J, Nash R (2018) Microplastics in Galway Bay: a comparison of sampling and separation methods. Mar Pollut Bull 135:932–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.013
Pan Z, Liu Q, Jiang R, Li W, Sun X, Lin H, Jiang S, Huang H (2021) Microplastic pollution and ecological risk assessment in an estuarine environment: The Dongshan Bay of China. Chemosphere 262:127876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127876
Pastorino P, Pizzul E, Bertoli M, Anselmi S, Kušće M, Menconi V, Prearo M, Renzi M (2021) First insights into plastic and microplastic occurrence in biotic and abiotic compartments, and snow from a high-mountain lake (Carnic Alps). Chemosphere 265:129121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129121
Patchaiyappan A, Ahmed SZ, Dowarah K, Jayakumar S, Devipriya SP (2020) Occurrence, distribution and composition of microplastics in the sediments of South Andaman beaches. Mar Pollut Bull 156:111227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111227
Patterson J, Jeyasanta KI, Laju RL, Booth AM, Sathish N, Edward JKP (2022) Microplastic in the coral reef environments of the Gulf of Mannar, India - characteristics, distributions, sources and ecological risks. Environ Pollut 298:118848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118848
Pazos RS, Maiztegui T, Colautti DC, Paracampo AH, Gómez N (2017) Microplastics in gut contents of coastal freshwater fish from Río de la Plata estuary. Mar Pollut Bull 122:85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.007
Pegado T, Brabo L, Schmid K, Sarti F, Gava TT, Nunes J, Chelazzi D, Cincinelli A, Giarrizzo T (2021) Ingestion of microplastics by Hypanus guttatus stingrays in the Western Atlantic Ocean (Brazilian Amazon Coast). Mar Pollut Bull 162:111799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111799
Peters CA, Bratton SP (2016) Urbanization is a major influence on microplastic ingestion by sunfish in the Brazos River Basin, Central Texas USA. Environ Pollut 210:380–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.018
Peters CA, Thomas PA, Rieper KB, Bratton SP (2017) Foraging preferences influence microplastic ingestion by six marine fish species from the Texas Gulf Coast. Mar Pollut Bull 124:82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.080
Pizarro-Ortega CI, Dioses-Salinas DC, Severini MDF, López ADF, Rimondino GN, Benson NU, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE (2022) Degradation of plastics associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Mar Pollut Bull 176:113474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113474
Plastics Europe (2021) Plastics – The Facts 2021[WWW Document] URL https://plasticseurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Plastics-the-Facts-2021-web-final.pdf. Accessed 27 January 2023
Population Census (2011) https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/lakshadweep.html. Accessed 1 February 2023
Prokić MD, Radovanović TB, Gavrić JP, Faggio C (2019) Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics: examination of biomarkers, current state and future perspectives. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 111:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.001
Qi H, Li H, Meng X, Peng L, Zheng H, Wang L, Wang W, Chen K, Zhang J, Zhang H, Cai M (2022) Fate of microplastics in deep-sea sediments and its influencing factors: Evidence from the Eastern Indian Ocean. Sci Total Environ 828:154266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154266
Radhakrishnan K, Sivapriya V, Rajkumar A, Akramkhan N, Prakasheswar P, Krishnakumar S, Hussain SM (2021) Characterization and distribution of microplastics in estuarine surface sediments, Kayamkulam estuary, southwest coast of India. Mar Pollut Bull 168:112389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112389
Ragusa A, Svelato A, Santacroce C, Catalano P, Notarstefano V, Carnevali O, Papa F, Rongioletti MCA, Baiocco F, Draghi S, D’Amore E, Rinaldo D, Matta M, Giorgini E (2021) Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta. Environ Int 146:106274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274
Rahman SMA, Robin GS, Momotaj M, Uddin J, Siddique MAM (2020) Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in beach sediments of Cox’s Bazar Bangladesh. Mar Pollut Bull 160:111587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111587
Rangel-Buitrago N, Arroyo-Olarte H, Trilleras J, Arana VA, Mantilla-Barbosa E, Gracia CA, Mendoza AV, Neal WJ, Williams AT, Micallef A (2021) Microplastics pollution on Colombian Central Caribbean beaches. Mar Pollut Bull 170:112685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112685
Ranjani M, Veerasingam S, Venkatachalapathy R, Mugilarasan M, Bagaev A, Mukhanov V, Vethamony PJMPB (2021) Assessment of potential ecological risk of microplastics in the coastal sediments of India: a meta-analysis. Mar Pollut Bull 163:111969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111969
Rashid CP, Jyothibabu R, Arunpandi N, Abhijith VT, Josna MP, Vidhya V, Gupta GVM, Ramanamurty MV (2021) Microplastics in zooplankton in the eastern Arabian Sea: The threats they pose to fish and corals favoured by coastal currents. Mar Pollut Bull 173:113042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113042
Rashid CP, Jyothibabu R, Arunpandi N, Santhikrishnan S, Vidhya V, Sarath S, Arundhathy M, Alok KT (2022) Microplastics in copepods reflects the manmade flow restrictions in the Kochi backwaters, along the southwest coast of India. Mar Pollut Bull 177:113529
Reisser J, Slat B, Noble K, du Plessis K, Epp M, Proietti M, de Sonneville J, Becker T, Pattiaratchi C (2015) The vertical distribution of buoyant plastics at sea: an observational study in the North Atlantic Gyre. Biogeosciences 12:1249–1256. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1249-2015
Revel M, Châtel A, Mouneyrac C (2018) Micro (nano) plastics: a threat to human health? Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 1:17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.003
Ribeiro-Brasil DR, Torres NR, Picanço AB, Sousa DS, Ribeiro VS, Brasil LS, de Assis Montag LF (2020) Contamination of stream fish by plastic waste in the Brazilian Amazon. Environ Pollut 266:115241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115241
Rios-Fuster B, Alomar C, Paniagua González G, Garcinuño Martínez RM, Soliz Rojas DL, Fernández Hernando P, Deudero S (2022) Assessing microplastic ingestion and occurrence of bisphenols and phthalates in bivalves, fish and holothurians from a Mediterranean marine protected area. Environ Res 214:114034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114034
Rist S, Hartmann NB (2018) Aquatic ecotoxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics: lessons learned from engineered nanomaterials, In: Wagner M, Lambert S (Eds) Freshwater Microplastics, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 25–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_2
Robin RS, Karthik R, Purvaja R, Ganguly D, Anandavelu I, Mugilarasan M, Ramesh R (2020) Holistic assessment of microplastics in various coastal environmental matrices, southwest coast of India. Sci Total Environ 703:134947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134947
Rocha-Santos T, Duarte AC (2015) A critical overview of the analytical approaches to the occurrence, the fate and the behavior of microplastics in the environment. 65:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.10.011
Rochman CM, Browne MA, Halpern BS, Hentschel BT, Hoh E, Karapanagioti HK, Rios-Mendoza LM, Takada H, Teh S, Thompson RC (2013) Classify Plastic Waste as Hazardous. Nat 494(7436):169–171. https://doi.org/10.1038/494169a
Rodrigues SM, Almeida CMR, Silva D, Cunha J, Antunes C, Freitas V, Ramos S (2019) Microplastic contamination in an urban estuary: abundance and distribution of microplastics and fish larvae in the Douro estuary. Sci Total Environ 659:1071–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.273
Rodríguez-Seijo A, Pereira R (2017) Morphological and physical characterization of microplastics. Compr Anal Chem 75:49–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2016.10.007
Romeo T, Pietro B, Pedà C, Consoli P, Andaloro F, Fossi MC (2015) First evidence of presence of plastic debris in stomach of large pelagic fish in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 95:358–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.048
Rummel CD, Löder MGJ, Fricke N, Lang T, Griebeler EM, Janke M, Gerdts G (2016) Plastic ingestion by pelagic and demersal fish from the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 102:134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.043
Saha M, Naik A, Desai A, Nanajkar M, Rathore C, Kumar M, Gupta P (2021) Microplastics in seafood as an emerging threat to marine environment: a case study in Goa, west coast of India. Chemosphere 270:129359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129359
Saliu F, Montano S, Leoni B, Lasagni M, Galli P (2019) Microplastics as a threat to coral reef environments: detection of phthalate esters in neuston and scleractinian corals from the Faafu Atoll Maldives. Mar Pollut Bull 142:234–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.043
Sathish MN, Jeyasanta I, Patterson J (2020) Occurrence of microplastics in epipelagic and mesopelagic fishes from Tuticorin, Southeast coast of India. Sci Total Environ 720:137614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137614
Shahul Hamid F, Bhatti MS, Norkhairiyah A, Mohan P, Periathamby A (2018) Worldwide distribution and abundance of microplastic: how dire is the situation? Waste Manag Res 36:873–897. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18785730
Shetye SR, Gouveia AD, Shenoi SSC, Michael GS, Sundar D, Almeida AM, Santanam K (1991) The coastal current off western India during the northeast monsoon. Deep Sea Res Part A Oceanogr Res Pap 38:1517–1529. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(91)90087-V
Siddique MAM, Uddin A, Rahman SMA, Rahman M, Islam MS, Kibria G (2022) Microplastics in an anadromous national fish, Hilsa shad Tenualosa ilisha from the Bay of Bengal Bangladesh. Mar Pollut Bull 174:113236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113236
Sivadas SK, Ramu K, Mishra P, MV RM (2021) Potential plastic accumulation zones in the Indian coastal seas. Front Mar Sci 8:768001.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.768001
Sruthy S, Ramasamy EV (2017) Microplastic pollution in Vembanad Lake, Kerala, India: The first report of microplastics in lake and estuarine sediments in India. Environ Pollut 222:315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.038
Su L, Xue Y, Li L, Yang D, Kolandhasamy P, Li D, Shi H (2016) Microplastics in Taihu Lake. China Environ Pollut 216:711–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.036
Suaria G, Avio CG, Mineo A, Lattin GL, Magaldi MG, Belmonte G, Moore CJ, Regoli F, Aliani S (2016) The Mediterranean Plastic Soup: synthetic polymers in Mediterranean surface waters. Sci Rep 6:37551. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37551
Sui Q, Zhang L, Xia B, Chen B, Sun X, Zhu L, Wang R, Qu K (2020) Spatiotemporal distribution, source identification and inventory of microplastics in surface sediments from Sanggou Bay China. Sci Total Environ 723:138064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138064
Sun X, Liang J, Zhu M, Zhao Y, Zhang B (2018) Microplastics in seawater and zooplankton from the Yellow Sea. Environ Pollut 242:585–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.014
Suresh A, Vijayaraghavan G, Saranya KS, Neethu KV, Aneesh B (2020) Microplastics distribution and contamination from the Cochin coastal zone India. Reg Stud Mar Sci 40:101533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101533
Syakti AD, Hidayati NV, Jaya YV, Siregar SH, Yude R, Suhendy AL, Wong-Wah-Chung P, Doumenq P (2018) Simultaneous grading of microplastic size sampling in the Small Islands of Bintan water Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull 137:593–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.005
Takdastan A, Niari MH, Babaei A, Dobaradaran S, Jorfi S, Ahmadi M (2021) Occurrence and distribution of microplastic particles and the concentration of Di 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) in microplastics and wastewater in the wastewater treatment plant. J Environ Manag 280:111851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111851
Tan F, Yang H, Xu X, Fang Z, Xu H, Shi Q, Zhang X, Wang G, Lin L, Zhou S, Huang L, Li H (2020) Microplastic pollution around remote uninhabited coral reefs of Nansha Islands South China Sea. Sci Total Environ 725:138383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138383
Tanaka K, Takada H (2016) Microplastic fragments and microbeads in digestive tracts of planktivorous fish from urban coastal waters. Sci Rep 6:34351. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34351
Tang KHD (2021) Interactions of microplastics with persistent organic pollutants and the ecotoxicological effects: a review. Trop Aquat Soil Pollut 1(1):24–34. https://doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v1i1.11
Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AWG, McGonigle D, Russell AE (2004) Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science 304:838–838. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094559
Tien CJ, Wang ZX, Chen CS (2020) Microplastics in water, sediment and fish from the Fengshan River system: relationship to aquatic factors and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fish. Environ Pollut 265:114962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114962
Tomlinson DL, Wilson JG, Harris CR, Jeffrey DW (1980) Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgolander Meeresunters 33:566–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02414780
Tripathy B (2002) Marine biodiversity of lakshadweep: an overview. Kachhapa 7:14–19
Valencia-Castañeda G, Ruiz-Fernández AC, Frías-Espericueta MG, Rivera-Hernández JR, Green-Ruiz CR, Páez-Osuna F (2022) Microplastics in the tissues of commercial semi-intensive shrimp pond-farmed Litopenaeus vannamei from the Gulf of California ecoregion. Chemosphere 297:134194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134194
van Cauwenberghe L, Janssen CR (2014) Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption. Environ Pollut 193:65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.010
Vanapalli KR, Dubey BK, Sarmah AK, Bhattacharya J (2021) Assessment of microplastic pollution in the aquatic ecosystems – an Indian perspective. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 3:100071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100071
Velzeboer I, Kwadijk CJAF, Koelmans AA (2014) Strong sorption of PCBs to nanoplastics, microplastics, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes. Environ Sci Technol 48:4869–4876. https://doi.org/10.1021/es405721v
Wagner M, Lambert S (2018) Freshwater microplastics: emerging environmental contaminants?, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry.(Eds) Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5
Walkinshaw C, Lindeque PK, Thompson R, Tolhurst T, Cole M (2020) Microplastics and seafood: lower trophic organisms at highest risk of contamination. Ecotoxicol 190:110066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110066
Wang W, Ndungu AW, Li Z, Wang J (2017) Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China: a case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan China. Sci Total Environ 575:1369–1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.213
Wei L, Wang D, Aierken R, Wu F, Dai Y, Wang X, Fang C, Zhao L, Zhen Y (2022) The prevalence and potential implications of microplastic contamination in marine fishes from Xiamen Bay China. Mar Pollut Bull 174:113306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113306
Wessel CC, Lockridge GR, Battiste D, Cebrian J (2016) Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in beach sediments: insights into microplastic accumulation in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Mar Pollut Bull 109:178–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.002
Wieczorek AM, Morrison L, Croot PL, Allcock AL, MacLoughlin E, Savard O, Brownlow H, Doyle TK (2018) Frequency of microplastics in mesopelagic fishes from the Northwest Atlantic. Front Mar Sci 5:39. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00039
Wright SL, Thompson RC, Galloway TS (2013) The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: a review. Environ Pollut 178:483–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.031
Xu P, Peng G, Su L, Gao Y, Gao L, Li D (2018) Microplastic risk assessment in surface waters: a case study in the Changjiang Estuary China. Mar Pollut Bull 133:647–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.020
Yagi M, Kobayashi T, Maruyama Y, Hoshina S, Masumi S, Aizawa I, Uchida J, Kinoshita T, Yamawaki N, Aoshima T, Morii Y, Shimizu K (2022) Microplastic pollution of commercial fishes from coastal and offshore waters in southwestern Japan. Mar Pollut Bull 174:113304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113304
Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Ivar do Sul JA, Corcoran PL, Barnosky AD, Cearreta A, Edgeworth M, Gałuszka A, Jeandel C, Leinfelder R, McNeill JR, Steffen W (2016) The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic indicator of the Anthropocene. Anthr 13:4–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2016.01.002
Zazouli M, Nejati H, Hashempour Y, Dehbandi R, Nam VT, Fakhri Y (2022) Occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in the gastrointestinal tract of fishes: a global systematic review and meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sci Total Environ 815:152743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152743
Zhang W, Zhang S, Wang J, Wang Y, Mu J, Wang P, Lin X, Ma D (2017) Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea China. Environ Pollut 231:541–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.058
Zhang C, Zhou H, Cui Y, Wang C, Li Y, Zhang D (2019) Microplastics in offshore sediment in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea China. Environ Pollut 244:827–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.102
Zhang D, Liu X, Huang W, Li J, Wang C, Zhang D, Zhang C (2020) Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments and organisms of the Western Pacific Ocean. Environ Pollut 259:113948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113948
Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude to the Director, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, and Scientist-In-Charge, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, for providing support and facilities during the study. The authors would like to thank Dr. Toms C. Joseph for providing access to the instrumentation facility for ATR-FTIR analysis.
Funding
This study is part of MLP 2013 project funded by the CSIR, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Saraswathi Ragesh: formal analysis, methodology, software, data curation, visualization, investigation, and writing—original draft. Koovapurath Useph Abdul Jaleel: conceptualization, resources, writing—reviewing and editing, and supervision. Ramachandran Nikki: methodology, software, data curation, visualization, and writing—editing. Mannayath Abdulazeez Abdul Razaque: visualization and writing—editing. Pachareentavita Muhamed Ashraf: analysis, validation, and reviewing and editing. Chinmayanandhan Nair Ravikumar: visualization and writing—editing. Anas Abdulaziz: project administration, resources, and reviewing and editing. Periyadan Katinhippally Dinesh Kumar: project administration, reviewing and editing, and supervision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any authors.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: V.V.S.S. Sarma
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ragesh, S., Abdul Jaleel, K.U., Nikki, R. et al. Environmental and ecological risk of microplastics in the surface waters and gastrointestinal tract of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) around the Lakshadweep Islands, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 22715–22735 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32564-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32564-y