Abstract
Microplastic (MP) contamination in commercially sold spirulina products has not been previously investigated. In this study, 29 spirulina samples in various packaging types were purchased from different brands and origins to assess the presence of MPs. Microplastic analysis was conducted using microscopic and μ-Raman techniques. To ascertain whether the content is indeed spirulina and make a comparison with the MP level, C-Phycocyanin levels were also analyzed. A total of 251 MP-like particles were observed. Out of the 29 examined packaged spirulina brands, 26 showed potential MPs upon visual inspection, with 35 particles confirmed as MPs (73% of the analyzed particles). The mean abundance of MPs was estimated at 13.77 ± 2.45 MPs/100 g dw. Powdered spirulina had a higher but not statistically significant MP abundance (17.34 ± 4.22 MPs/100 g dw) compared to capsule/tablet forms (10.43 ± 2.45 MPs/100 g dw). Fragments accounted for 38.3% while fibers constituted 61.7% of the identified MPs, with sizes ranging from 0.07 to 2.15 mm for fragments and 0.19 to 5.691 mm for fibers. The color distribution of MPs in spirulina samples was predominantly blue (52.8%), followed by black (25.4%), white (10.9%), and others (10.9%). Ten synthetic polymers and cellulose were identified through μ-Raman analysis, with polypropylene (31.6%) and polystyrene (8.3%) being the most prevalent. The correlation between C-Phycocyanin and MPs concentrations, was not found statistically significant. The abundance and composition of MPs were found to be influenced by packaging and processing stages. Identifying potential sources of MPs in spirulina products and evaluating their risks to human health is crucial.
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Funding
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by Çukurova University Scientific Research Projects Unit for this research, which was conducted as part of a master's thesis. The project titled "Detection of Microplastic (Mp) Exposure During Spirulina platensis Production from Various Commercially Collected Samples" was supported under the Project No: FYL-2021–13753.
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S. Tutaroğlu: Conceptualization; Sampling; Formal Analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Writing—original draft; Writing—review & editing, L. Uslu: Conceptualization; Sampling; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Writing—original draft; Writing—review & editing, S. Gündoğdu: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal Analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Validation; Visualization; Writing—original draft; Writing—review & editing.
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Highlights
- Packaged spirulina were estimated to have an average 13.77 ± 2.45 MPs/100 g.
- Powdered spirulina had a higher MP abundance compared to capsule/tablet forms.
- Fragments accounted for 38.3% while fibers constituted 61.7%.
- Ten polymers and cellulose were identified, and PP and PS was the most prevalent.
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Tutaroğlu, S., Uslu, L. & Gündoğdu, S. Microplastic contamination of packaged spirulina products. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 1114–1126 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31130-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31130-2