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Phycoremediation of heavy metals and production of biofuel from generated algal biomass: a review

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Abstract

Due to human activity and natural processes, heavy metal contamination frequently affects the earth’s water resources. The pollution can be categorized as resistant and persistent since it poses a significant risk to terrestrial and marine biological systems and human health. Because of this, several appeals and demands have been made worldwide to try and clean up these contaminants. Through bioremediation, algal cells are frequently employed to adsorb and eliminate heavy metals from the environment. Bioremediation is seen as a desirable strategy with few adverse effects and low cost. Activities and procedures for bioremediation involving algal cells depend on various environmental factors, including salinity, pH, temperature, the concentration of heavy metals, the amount of alga biomass, and food availability. Additionally, the effectiveness of removing heavy metals from the environment by assessing how environmental circumstances affect algal activities. The main issues discussed are (1) heavy metal pollution of water bodies, the role of algal cells in heavy metal removal, the methods by which algae cells take up and store heavy metals, and the process of turning the algae biomass produced into biofuel. (2) To overcome the environmental factors and improve heavy metals bioremediation, many strategies are applied, such as immobilizing the cells, consortium culture, and using dry mass rather than living cells. (3) The processes for converting produced algal biomass into biofuels like biodiesel and biomethanol. The present study discusses the life cycle assessment and the limitations of biofuel products from algae biomass.

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Abbreviations

% :

Percent

As:

Arsenic

BOD:

Biology oxygen demand

Cd:

Cadmium

Ca2+ :

Calcium

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

Cr:

Chromium

Co:

Cobalt

Cu:

Copper

EPS:

Exopolysaccharide

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

HM:

Heavy metals

Pb:

Lead

Mg2+ :

Magnesium

Mn:

Manganese

Hg:

Mercury

MBIC:

Microalgae-biochar immobilized complex

Ni:

Nickel

K+ :

Potassium

Na+ :

Sodium

TDS:

Total dissolved solids

U:

Uranium

Zn:

Zinc

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The author would like to thank Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University for supporting this work under project number R-2023-632.

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    Mohammad Hazaimeh

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Hazaimeh, . Phycoremediation of heavy metals and production of biofuel from generated algal biomass: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 109955–109972 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30190-8

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