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Exploring the bioremediation capability of petroleum-contaminated soils for enhanced environmental sustainability and minimization of ecotoxicological concerns

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Abstract

The bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) has emerged as a promising approach, with its effectiveness contingent upon various types of PHCs, i.e., crude oil, diesel, gasoline, and other petroleum products. Strategies like genetically modified microorganisms, nanotechnology, and bioaugmentation hold potential for enhancing remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. The effectiveness of bioremediation relies on factors such as metabolite toxicity, microbial competition, and environmental conditions. Aerobic degradation involves enzymatic oxidative reactions, while bacterial anaerobic degradation employs reductive reactions with alternative electron acceptors. Algae employ monooxygenase and dioxygenase enzymes, breaking down PAHs through biodegradation and bioaccumulation, yielding hydroxylated and dihydroxylated intermediates. Fungi contribute via mycoremediation, using co-metabolism and monooxygenase enzymes to produce CO2 and oxidized products. Ligninolytic fungi transform PAHs into water-soluble compounds, while non-ligninolytic fungi oxidize PAHs into arene oxides and phenols. Certain fungi produce biosurfactants enhancing degradation of less soluble, high molecular–weight PAHs. Successful bioremediation offers sustainable solutions to mitigate petroleum spills and environmental impacts. Monitoring and assessing strategy effectiveness are vital for optimizing biodegradation in petroleum-contaminated soils. This review presents insights and challenges in bioremediation, focusing on arable land safety and ecotoxicological concerns.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article.

Abbreviations

AHCs:

Aromatic hydrocarbons

BTEX:

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes

BC/g-C3N4 :

Biochar/graphite carbon nitride

Ca:

Calcium

CaCO3 :

Calcium carbonate

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

FABC:

FeCl3-attapulgite-biochar composite

HC:

Hydrocarbon

HCs:

Hydrocarbons

Mg:

Magnesium

N:

Nitrogen

PHC:

Petroleum hydrocarbon

PHCs:

Petroleum hydrocarbons

P:

Phosphorus

PGPB:

Plant growth–promoting bacteria

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

K:

Potassium

PW:

Produced water

RL:

Rhamnolipid

TOC:

Total organic carbon

TPH:

Total petroleum hydrocarbon

TPHs:

Total petroleum hydrocarbons

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan

    Rida Zainab & Maria Hasnain

  2. School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Sydney, Australia

    Faraz Ali

  3. CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia

    Daniel Anthony Dias

  4. Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE

    Ali El-Keblawy & Zainul Abideen

  5. Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan

    Zainul Abideen

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The authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, search, and collection of relevant articles and reviews were performed by Rida Zainab, Maria Hasnain, Faraz Ali, Daniel Anthony Dias, Ali El-Keblawy, and Zainul Abideen thoroughly checked the first draft and improved the manuscript critically. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Zainab, R., Hasnain, M., Ali, F. et al. Exploring the bioremediation capability of petroleum-contaminated soils for enhanced environmental sustainability and minimization of ecotoxicological concerns. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 104933–104957 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29801-1

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