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Emission profiles, source identifications, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a road tunnel located in Xi’an, China

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Abstract

Understanding the sources and characteristics of PM2.5-bound PAHs from traffic-related pollution can provide valuable data for mitigating air contamination from traffic in local urban regions. However, little information on PAHs is available regarding the typical arterial highway—Qinling Mountains No.1 tunnel in Xi’an. We estimated the profiles, sources, and emission factors of PM2.5-bound PAHs in this tunnel. The total PAH concentrations were 22.78 ng·m−3 and 52.80 ng·m−3 at the tunnel middle and exit, which were 1.09 and 3.84 times higher than that at the tunnel entrance. Pyr, Flt, Phe, Chr, BaP, and BbF were the dominant PAH species (representing approximately 78.01% of total PAHs). The four rings PAHs were dominant (58%) among the total PAH concentrations in PM2.5. The results demonstrated that diesel and gasoline vehicles exhaust emissions contributed 56.81% and 22.60% to the PAHs, respectively, while the corresponding value for together brakes, tyre wear, and road dust was 20.59%. The emission factors of total PAHs were 29.35 μg·veh−1·km−1, and emission factors of 4 rings PAHs were significantly higher than those of the other PAHs. The sum of ILCR was estimated to be 1.41×10−4, which accorded with acceptable level of cancer risk (10−6–10−4), PAHs should not ignored as they still affect the public health of inhabitants. This study shed light on PAH profiles and traffic-related sources in the tunnel, thereby facilitating the assessment of control measures targeting PAHs in local areas.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding

This study is supported by National Key Research and Development Plan of China (2017YFC0212206) and the Science and Technology Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (2016KTZDSF-02-01).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710064, China

    Jiayao Liu, Shunxi Deng & Abula Tuheti

  2. Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710064, China

    Jiayao Liu, Shunxi Deng & Abula Tuheti

  3. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, China

    Hui Tong

  4. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China

    Yan Yang

Authors
  1. Jiayao Liu
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  2. Shunxi Deng
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  3. Hui Tong
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  4. Yan Yang
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  5. Abula Tuheti
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Contributions

JL: investigation, formal analysis, writing—original draft, and visualization. SD: funding acquisition, supervision, methodology, resources, and writing—review and editing. HT: investigation. YY: investigation. AT: formal analysis and supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shunxi Deng.

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This is an observational study that no ethical approval is required.

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Liu, J., Deng, S., Tong, H. et al. Emission profiles, source identifications, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a road tunnel located in Xi’an, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 85125–85138 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27996-x

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