Abstract
In order to attain a solar energy-driven photocatalyst for wastewater remediation, cerium-doped WO3 (W1-xCexO3 with x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) nanoparticles have been synthesized via a chemical co-precipitation technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that W1-xCexO3 nanoparticles retained their monoclinic structure even after doping. The presence of the vast number of defects produced in the WO3 lattice was corroborated by Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the spherical shape of the nanoparticles with particle size range 50–76 nm. The optical band gap of W1-xCexO3 nanoparticles decreases from 3.07 to 2.36 eV with an increase in x, as confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy confirmed that the minimum rate of recombination was observed for W1-xCexO3 with x = 0.04. Degradation efficiency was explored for methyl violet (MV) and rhodamine-B (Rh-B) with 0.01 g of photocatalyst in a photoreactor chamber having a 200-W xenon lamp as a visible source of light. The results showed that the maximum photo-decolorization towards MV (94%) and rhodamine-B (79.4%) was observed in x = 0.04 sample in just 90 min because of its least recombination rate, highest adsorption capacity, and optimum band edge positions. Intriguingly, it has been observed that the modification with cerium in WO3 nanoparticles enhances the photocatalytic activity by narrowing the band gap and by efficaciously lowering the recombination rate due to electron entrapment by defects produced in the lattice.
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Acknowledgements
S. Singh gratefully acknowledges the financial support received from the Science and Engineering Research Board (Project File No.: EEQ/2020/000373), Govt. of India. The author also acknowledges the DST, India, for sanctioning the DST-FIST project (Ref. No; SR/ FST/PS-I/2012/32), and to the Department of Physics, DCRUST, Murthal, Sonipat, for instrumentation facility.
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Pooja Nehra: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, roles/writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. Pawan S. Rana and Satyendra Singh: supervision, project administration, conceptualization, methodology, roles/writing—original draft, writing—review and editing.
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Nehra, P., Rana, P.S. & Singh, S. Remediation of recalcitrant pollutants in water solution using visible light responsive cerium-doped tungsten trioxide nanoparticles. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 70094–70108 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27280-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27280-y