Abstract
Annular fire source is a common combustion form in fire accidents. Effects of Din/Dout (the ratio of inner to outer diameters of the floating-roof tank) on the flame morphology and plume entrainment mechanisms of annular pool fires were studied by numerical simulation. Results show, as Din/Dout increases, the area with low combustion intensity near the central axis of the pool surface gradually increases. Combined with the time-series HRR and the stoichiometric mixture fraction line of the fire plume, it reveals that the combustion of annular pool fire is dominated by non-premixed diffusion flame. The pressure near the pool outlet decreases with Din/Dout, while the plume turbulence presents an opposite trend. Based on the time-sequential plume flow and the gas-phase material distribution data, the flame merging mechanism of the annular pool fires is revealed. Furthermore, based on the similarity criterion, it verifies that the applicability of the above scaled simulation conclusions could also be extended to guide full-scale fires.
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The data and materials used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
This work was supported by the Opening Funds of State Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Built Environment & National Engineering Research Center of Building Technology (BSBE2022-05), Youth Innovation Project of Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2022J05123), Fuzhou University Testing Fund of precious apparatus (No.2023T011), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (52006210).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design, as below:
Ping Huang: writing—original draft and supervision
Rui Zhang: investigation and writing—original draft
Longxing Yu: reviewing
Chunxiang Liu: methodology, writing—original draft, and supervision
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Appendix
Appendix
In FDS, it is used by infinitely fast chemistry kinetics for a step reaction as the combustion model:
The stoichiometric mixture fraction could be calculated as follows (McGrattan, et al. 2013):
where mOxidizer is the mass fraction of the oxidizer and mFuel is the mass fraction of the fuel stream. MOxidizer is the molecular weight of the reacting oxidizer and MFuel is the molecular weight of the fuel. As for the n-heptane, a=1, b=11, mOxidizer=0.233, mFuel=1, MOxidizer=32 g/mol, and MFuel=100 g/mol. Substitute these values into Eq. (A-2), the stoichiometric mixture fraction which is Zst =0.062.
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Huang, P., Zhang, R., Yu, L. et al. Study on the combustion, entrainment, and plume flow behaviors of annular pool fires. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 59781–59792 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26748-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26748-1