Abstract
Patos Lagoon, located in southern Brazil, is the world’s largest choked coastal lagoon. Studies have revealed that plastic pollution affects lagoons; however, to date, they have only focused on a few limited regions of the lagoon. Top-down quantification methods based on socio-economic data from 2010 to 2017 were used to measure the amount of plastic reaching Patos Lagoon, thus broadening the perspective of plastic pollution in this area. According to the findings, Patos Lagoon's hydrographic regions produced an average of 4.54 Mton of plastic during the studied period. 1.86 Mton was consumed on average. High- and low-density polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE, respectively), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were the main resins produced. Food-related activities were the largest consumer of plastic (17.98%), indicating a higher amount of single-use plastics being used in the basin. The preforms for plastic bottles, bags, and packaging were the most commonly manufactured plastic utensils. An estimated 8 to 14% of all plastics used to end up as mismanaged waste in the Patos Lagoon hydrographic basin. This resulted in 1.73 and 10.72 Kton, or 0.5 and 3.2 g/per person/per day, of plastic waste flowing into the waters of Patos Lagoon throughout the study period. These findings can help focus on management efforts by providing managers and policymakers with information for better plastic pollution mitigation in this environment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data presented in this study are available on ibge.gov.br, abrelpe.org.br, and snis.gov.br and also by request from the corresponding author.
References
Agência Brasileira de Desenvolvimento Industrial – ABDI (2009) Caracterização da Cadeia Petroquímica e da Transformação de Plásticos. 1st ed., São Paulo: Copacabana Consultoria e Treinamento, p 285. http://www.simpesc.org.br/wp-content/uploads/arquivos/6ed4a37d32.pdf. Accessed 23 Oct 2019
António MHP, Fernandes EHL, Muelbert JH (2020) Impact of Jetty Configuration Changes on the Hydrodynamics of the Subtropical Patos Lagoon Estuary, Brazil. Water 12:3197–3224. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113197
Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Plástico – ABIPLAST (2018) Perfil 2018 – Industria Brasileira de Transformação e Reciclagem de Material Plástico. 1st ed, São Paulo. https://www.abiplast.org.br/publicacoes/perfil2018/. Accessed 23 Oct 2019
Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos Especiais - ABRELPE (2011) Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil 2010. URL: https://abrelpe.org.br/download-panorama-2010/ (accessed 10.23.19)
Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos Especiais – ABRELPE (2012) Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil 2011. URL: https://abrelpe.org.br/download-panorama-2011/ (accessed 10.23.19)
Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos Especiais – ABRELPE (2013) Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil 2012. URL: https://abrelpe.org.br/download-panorama-2012/ (accessed 10.23.19)
Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos Especiais - ABRELPE (2014) Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil 2013. URL: https://abrelpe.org.br/download-panorama-2013/ (accessed 10.23.19)
Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos Especiais - ABRELPE (2015) Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil 2014. URL: https://abrelpe.org.br/download-panorama-2014/ (accessed 10.23.19)
Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos Especiais - ABRELPE (2016) Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil 2015. URL: https://abrelpe.org.br/download-panorama-2015/ (accessed 10.23.19)
Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos Especiais - ABRELPE (2017) Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil 2016. URL: https://abrelpe.org.br/download-panorama-2016/ (accessed 10.23.19)
Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos Especiais - ABRELPE (2018) Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil 2017. URL: https://abrelpe.org.br/download-panorama-2017/ (accessed 10.23.19)
Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009) Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos Trans r Soc B Biol Sci 364:1985–1998. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
Blettler MCM, Abrial E, Khan FR, Sivri N, Espinola LA (2018) Freshwater plastic pollution: Recognizing research biases and identifying knowledge gaps. Water Res 143:416–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.015
Boucher J, Faure F, Pompini O, Plummer Z, Wieser O, Felippe de Alencastro L (2019) (Micro) plastic fluxes and stocks in Lake Geneva basin. Trends Anal Chem 112:66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.037
Campos da Rocha FO, Martinez ST, Campos VP, da Rocha GO, de Andrade JB (2021) Microplastic pollution in Southern Atlantic marine waters: Review of current trends, sources, and perspectives. Sci Total Environ 782:146541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146541
Castelão RM, Moller OO Jr (2003) Sobre a circulação tridimensional forçada por ventos na lagoa dos patos. Rev Atl 25:91–106. https://doi.org/10.5088/atlântica.v25i2.2297
Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2011) Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2588–2597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025
Cózar A, Martí E, Duarte CM, García-De-Lomas J, Van Sebille E, Ballatore TJ, Eguíluz VM, González-Gordillo JI, Pedrotti ML, Echevarría F, Troublè R, Irigoien X (2017) The Arctic Ocean as a dead end for floating plastics in the North Atlantic branch of the Thermohaline Circulation. Sci Adv 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600582
de Carvalho LM, da Ribeiro FJSP (2015) Indicadores de Consumo Aparente de Bens Industriais: Metodologia e Resultados, 1st edn. Instituto de Pesquisa Aplicada - IPEA, Rio de Janeiro
de Ramos B, Alencar MV, Rodrigues FL, de Lacerda ALF, Proietti MC (2021) Spatio-temporal characterization of litter at a touristic sandy beach in South Brazil. Environ Pollut 280:116927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116927
Deer R (2021) Landfills: We’re running out of space. URL: https://www.roadrunnerwm.com/blog/landfills-were-running-out-of-space (accessed 08.23.20)
E Silva PHS, de Sousa FDB (2021) Microplastic pollution of Patos Lagoon, south of Brazil. Environ Challenge 4:100076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100076
Essel R, Engel L, Carus M (2015) Sources of microplastics relevant to marine protection in Germany. Umweltbundesamt 64:48. URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/sources-of-microplastics-relevant-to-marine (accessed 7.20.20)
Fernandes EHL, Dyer KR, Moller OO (2005) Spatial Gradients in the Flow of Southern Patos Lagoon. J Coast Res 214:759–769. https://doi.org/10.2112/006-NIS.1
Fernandes EH, Dyer KR, Niencheski LFH (2001) Calibration and Validation of the TELEMAC-2D Model to the Patos Lagoon (Brazil). J Coast Res, 470–488. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25736313 (accessed 9.22.20)
Fernandes EHL, Mariño-Tapia I, Dyer KR, Möller OO (2004) The attenuation of tidal and subtidal oscillations in the Patos Lagoon estuary. Ocean Dyn 54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-004-0090-y
Frias JPGL, Nash R (2019) Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition. Mar Pollut Bull 138:145–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022
Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler - FEPAM (2003b) Região Hidrográfica do Litoral. URL http://www.fepam.rs.gov.br/qualidade/bacias_hidro.asp (accessed 5.18.20)
Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler - FEPAM (2003a) Região Hidrográfica do Guaíba. URL: http://www.fepam.rs.gov.br/qualidade/guaiba.asp (accessed 5.18.20)
Galloway TS, Cole M, Lewis C (2017) Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem. Nat Ecol Evol 1:0116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0116
Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (2017) Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci Adv 3:1700782. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
Ghayebzadeh M, Aslani H, Taghipour H, Mousavi S (2020a) Estimation of plastic waste inputs from land into the Caspian Sea: A significant unseen marine pollution. Mar Pollut Bull 151:110871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110871
Ghayebzadeh M, Taghipour H, Aslani H (2020b) Estimation of plastic waste inputs from land into the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman: An environmental disaster, scientific and social concerns. Sci Total Environ 733:138942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138942
Hoellein TJ, Rochman CM (2021) The “plastic cycle”: a watershed-scale model of plastic pools and fluxes. Front Ecol Environ 19:176–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2294
Hoffman MJ, Hittinger E (2017) Inventory and transport of plastic debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Mar Pollut Bull 115(1):273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.061
Horton AA, Walton A, Spurgeon DJ, Lahive E, Svendsen C (2017) Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Sci Total Environ 586:127–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (2007) Relação Anual de Informações Sociais – RAIS. Com. Estatísticas Sociais. URL https://ces.ibge.gov.br/base-de-dados/metadados/mte/relacao-anual-de-informacoes-sociais-rais.html (accessed 3.24.20)
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (2011) Sinopse do Censo 2010, Ibge. Rio de Janeiro. ISSN 0101–4234 URL: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?view=detalhes&id=249230 (accessed 9.22.20)
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (2016) Pesquisa Industrial Anual - Produto (PIA-Produto). IBGE. URL: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/industria/9044-pesquisa-industrial-anual-produto.html?=&t=o-que-e (accessed 3.21.20)
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (2019) Sistema de Contas Nacionais - SCN. O que é? URL https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/servicos/9052-sistema-de-contas-nacionais-brasil.html?=&t=o-que-e (accessed 4.14.20)
Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, Narayan R, Law KL (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science (80) 347:768–771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352
Kjerfve B (1986) Comparative Oceanography of Coastal Lagoons, in: Estuarine Variability. Elsevier, p. 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-761890-6.50009-5
Law KL (2017) Plastics in the Marine Environment. Ann Rev Mar Sci 9:205–229. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409
Lebreton LCM, van der Zwet J, Damsteeg J-W, Slat B, Andrady A, Reisser J (2017) River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nat Commun 8:15611. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611
Liu Y, Fang J (2020) Coastal Lakes as a Buffer Zone for the Accumulation and Redistribution of Plastic Particles from Continental to Marine Environment: A Case Study of the Dishui Lake in Shanghai, China. Appl Sci 10:1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10061974
Magrabi FM,Chung YS, Cha SS, Yang S (1991) The economics of household consumption. PRAEGER. New York, p 296
Mahapatro D, Panigrahy RC, Panda S (2013) Coastal Lagoon: Present Status and Future Challenges. Int J Mar Sci 3(23):178–186. https://doi.org/10.5376/ijms.2013.03.0023
Meijer LJJ, van Emmerik T, van der Ent R, Schmidt C, Lebreton L (2021) More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean. Sci Adv 7(18):eaaz5803. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5803
Mikulasch F (2016) Plastics Resin Production and Consumption in 63 Countries Worldwide, European Plasics and Rubber Machinery - EUROMAP. URL: https://www.pagder.org/images/files/euromappreview.pdf (accessed accessed 3.26.20)
Mohan RK, Short AD, Cambers G, MacLeod M, Cooper JAG, Hopley D, Craig-Smith SJ (2005) Coastal Lakes and Lagoons. Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, p. 263–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_81
Moller OO, Castaing P, Salomon J-C, Lazure P (2001) The Influence of Local and Non-Local Forcing Effects on the Subtidal Circulation of Patos Lagoon. Estuaries 24:297. https://doi.org/10.2307/1352953
Moore CJ (2008) Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: A rapidly increasing, long-term threat. Environ Res 108:131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025
Neto JGB, Rodrigues FL, Ortega I, dos Rodrigues LS, Lacerda ALdF, Coletto JL, Kessler F, Cardoso LG, Madureira L, Proietti MC (2020) Ingestion of plastic debris by commercially important marine fish in southeast-south Brazil. Environ Pollut. 267:115508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115508
Niencheski LFH, Baumgarten Zepka MG, Cabrera L, Juliano SK (2006) Patos Lagoon: indicators of organic pollution. J Coast Res SI 39:1356–1359
Odebrecht C, Abreu PC, Bemvenuti CE, Copertino M, Muelbert JH, Vieira JP, Seeliger U (2010) The Patos Lagoon Estuary, Southern Brazil - Biotic Responses to Natural and Anthropogenic Impacts in the Last Decades (1979–2008). In: Kennish MJ, Paerl HW (org.), Coastal Lagoons: Critical Habits of Environmental Change, pp. 434–455, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/EBK1420088304-21/1chapter-7-patos-lagoon-estuary-southern-brazil-biotic-responses-natural-anthropogenic-impacts-last-decades-1979%E2%80%932008-michael-kennish-hans-paerl. Accessed 13 May 2021
Owens KA, Kamil PI (2020) Adapting Coastal Collection Methods for River Assessment to Increase Data on Global Plastic Pollution: Examples From India and Indonesia. Front Environ Sci 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00208
Panda AK, Singh RK, Mishra DK (2010) Thermolysis of waste plastics to liquid fuelA suitable method for plastic waste management and manufacture of value added products—A world prospective. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:233–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.005
Patel MK, Jochem E, Radgen P, Worrell E (1998) Plastics streams in Germany—an analysis of production, consumption and waste generation. Resour Conserv Recycl 24:191–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(98)00015-9
Pereira RS, Nienchesky LFH, Baumgarten MGZ (2005) Condição ambiental da Lagoa dos Patos, in: I Simpósio de Recursos Hídricos Do Sul, pp 1–19. https://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/2394. Accessed 22 Sept 2020
Pinheiro LM, Carvalho IV, Agostini VO, Martinez-Souza G, Galloway TS, Pinho GLL (2021) Litter contamination at a salt marsh: An ecological niche for biofouling in South Brazil. Environ Pollut 285:117647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117647
Plastics Europe (2009) The Compelling Facts About Plastics 2009: An analysis of European plastics production, demand, and recovery for 2008. URL: https://plasticseurope.org/de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/11/2009-Compelling-facts.pdf (accessed 6.12.20)
PLASTIVIDA (2018) Manual Perda Zero de Pellets. Plastivida 1ª Ed. São Paulo. URL: http://www.plastivida.org.br/images/temas/Manual_Perda_Zero_de_Pellets_Digital.pdf (accessed 6.24.20)
PLASTIVIDA (2020) Manual do Programa Pellet Zero - OCS®. 2ª edição. São Paulo, 2020. (1ª ed. - 2018: Manual Perda Zero de Pellets) URL: http://www.plastivida.org.br/images/temas/Manual_Programa_Pellet_Zero.pdf (accessed 6.24.20)
Programa de Disseminação das Estatísticas do Trabalho - PDET (2016) Relação Anual de Informações Sociais – RAIS. O que é RAIS? URL http://pdet.mte.gov.br/microdados-rais-e-caged (accessed 3.24.20)
Pruter AT (1987) Sources, quantities and distribution of persistent plastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 18:305–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(87)80016-4
RAMSAR (2018) National Report on the Implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands – Brazil. 13th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. URL: https://www.env.go.jp/content/900516851.pdf (accessed 7.13.21)
Redford DP, Trulli HK, Trulli WR (1997) Sources of Plastic Pellets in the Aquatic Environment. In: Coe JM, Rogers DB (eds) Marine Debris. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, New York, pp 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8486-1_30
Schmidt C, Krauth T, Wagner S (2017) Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea. Environ Sci Technol 51:12246–12253. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02368
Secretaria do Meio Ambiente e Infraestrutura - SEMA (2017) Bacias Hidrográficas do Rio Grande do Sul. URL: https://www.sema.rs.gov.br/bacias-hidrograficas (accessed 5.18.20)
Secretaria Nacional de Saneamento - SNIS (2018) 17º Diagnóstico do manejo de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos. Brasília. URL: https://www.gov.br/mdr/pt-br/assuntos/saneamento/snis/diagnosticos-anteriores-do-snis/residuos-solidos-1/2018/Diagnostico_RS2018.pdf. Accessed 18 May 2020
Shashoua Y (2008) Conservation of Plastics, 1st, Ed. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080878782
Tagliani PR, Landazuri H, Reis E, Tagliani C, Asmus M, Sánchez-Arcilla A (2003) Integrated coastal zone management in the Patos Lagoon estuary: perspectives in context of developing country. Ocean Coast Manag 46:807–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00063-2
Tavora J, Fernandes EHL, Thomas AC, Weatherbee R, Schettini CAF (2019) The influence of river discharge and wind on Patos Lagoon, Brazil, Suspended Particulate Matter. Int J Remote Sens 40:4506–4525. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1569279
Teixeira M, Cirino C, Lino D (2017) A indústria de transformados plásticos 1ª. ed. – São Paulo: Sindicato dos Químicos de São Paulo, 2017. 108 p.: il.; 23 cm – Coleção Estudos Setoriais. https://quimicosp.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/livro-a-indu-stria-de-transformados-pla-sticos.pdf. Accessed 13 Feb 2020
Tourinho PS, Fillmann G (2011) Temporal trend of litter contamination at Cassino beach, Southern Brazil Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada Volume 11, Número 1, Março 2011, Páginas 97–102. https://doi.org/10.5894/rgci201
Tramoy R, Gasperi J, Dris R, Colasse L, Fisson C, Sananes S, Tassin B (2019) Assessment of the Plastic Inputs From the Seine Basin to the Sea Using Statistical and Field Approaches. Front Mar Sci 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00151
Van Biesebroeck J (2005) Firm Size Matters: Growth and Productivity Growth in African Manufacturing. Econ Dev Cult Change 53:545–583. https://doi.org/10.1086/426407
Verschoor A, van Herwijnen R, Posthuma C, Klesse K, Werner S (2017) Assessment document of land-based inputs of microplastics in the marine environment, in: The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North‐East Atlantic. p. 94. URL: https://www.ospar.org/documents?v=38018 (accessed 4.12.21)
Vogelmann ES, Alegrini VR, Awe GO, Prevedello J (2019) Prospects of microplastics in the sedimentary deposits on Patos Lagoon coast. Water Perspectives in Emerging Countries: Microplastics in the Water Environment. August 19–21, 2019-Island of Koh Samui, Thailand. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339000979_PROSPECTS_OF_MICROPLASTICS_IN_THE_SEDIMENTARY_DEPOSITS_ON_PATOS_LAGOON_COAST (accessed 9.10.21)
Wallner-Kersanach M, Mirlean N, da Baumgarten MGZ, Costa LDF, Baisch P (2016) Temporal evolution of the contamination in the southern area of the Patos Lagoon estuary, RS. Brazil. Rev. Gestão Costeira Integr. 16:263–279. https://doi.org/10.5894/rgci596
Windsor FM, Durance I, Horton AA, Thompson RC, Tyler CR, Ormerod SJ (2019) A catchment-scale perspective of plastic pollution. Glob Chang Biol 25:1207–1221. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14572
Worldwide Fund For Nature - WWF (2019) Solving Plastic pollution through accountability. Dalberg. https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/solving-plastic-pollution-through-accountability. Accessed 14 Apr 2021
Worm B, Lotze HK, Jubinville I, Wilcox C, Jambeck J (2017) Plastic as a Persistent Marine Pollutant. Annu Rev Environ Resour 42:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060700
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for sponsoring the first author research grant [132861/2019-4], to Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, Proc. 88881.192857/2018-01). G. Pinho (PQ2 No 304495/2019-0) and E. H. Fernandes (PQ2 No 304684/2022-8) are CNPq research fellows.
Funding
This work was sponsored by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) through the first author research grant (132861/2019–4) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, Proc. 88881.192857/2018–01).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Ítele E. dos Santos: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—reviewing. Elisa H.L. Fernandes: Resources, Conceptualization, Writing—reviewing, Supervision. Grasiela L. L. Pinho: Writing—reviewing, Supervision, Conceptualization. Patrízia R. Abdallah: Conceptualization.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: V.V.S.S. Sarma
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendices
Appendix 1. Classes and descriptions of each economic activity used to determine the number of plastics produced by Brazil. Classes in grey represent the 2nd Generation Products while classes in white represent 3rd Generation Products (IBGE 2007). The last column shows the correspondence between CNAE2.0 and ISIC4.0 lists used for imports and export data
CNAE 2.0 | DESCRIPTION | ISIC 4.0 |
|---|---|---|
Manufacture of Thermoplastic Resins | Manufacture of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyamides, Polystyrene, Cellulosic resins, Vinyl resins, Petroleum resins, etc | Manufacture of Plastics and Synthetic Rubber in Primary Forms |
Manufacture of Thermosetting Resins | Manufacture of Alkyd, Cresylic, Phenolic, Polyurethane, Phthalic, Epoxy resins, and silicone in primary form | |
Manufacture of Elastomers | Manufacture of synthetic rubbers, such as Acrylic, Chlorinated, Silicone, and Nitrile. Blends of synthetic and natural rubber or gums similar to rubber. Manufacture of Styrene-Butadiene rubber and latex, Non-Vulcanized rubber, Neoprene, etc | |
Manufacture of Artificial and Synthetic Fibers | Manufacture of artificial threads, cables, and filaments. Filament or Staple fibers of Acetate, Rayon, Viscose, Acrylic, Polyester, Polyamide (Nylon), Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polyurethane, etc | Manufacture of Artificial Fibers |
Manufacture of Tires and Inner Tubes | Manufacture of new tires and inner tubes for all types of vehicles and machines and also tire parts such as rubber bonding, camelbacks, etc | Manufacture of Rubber Tires and inner tubes; retreading and renovation of rubber tires |
Manufacture of rubber products not otherwise specified | Manufacture of rubber laminates, threads, foam, and rubber foam articles. Rubber materials for repairing inner tubes and other articles. Inflatable rubber mattresses. Artifacts for the electrical and electronic industries, transport, mechanics, etc. Rubber products for household, personal, hygienic, and pharmaceutical use. Also articles from natural, synthetic, vulcanized, or non-vulcanized rubber and hard rubber | Manufacture of other Rubber Products |
Manufacture of flat and tubular laminates of plastic | Manufacture of flat and tubular laminates of plastic material (i.e. sheets, films, fabrics, plates, etc.). Plastic ropes, strings, and foams from expanded plastic material and also Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) | Manufacture of Plastic Products |
Manufacture of plastic packaging | Manufacture of plastic packaging (i.e. boxes, bags, bottles, flasks, etc.) | |
Manufacture of plastic pipes and fittings for use in construction | Manufacture of shackles, tubes, and connections of plastic material used in civil construction | |
Manufacture of plastic products not otherwise specified | Manufacture articles and utensils made of plastic material for domestic and personal use and the fabrication of various plastic material artifacts |
Appendix 2. RAIS size classes of establishments by the number of actively working employees
Establishment Size Class | Active Working Employees on Dec, 31 |
|---|---|
1 | 0 |
2 | 1–4 |
3 | 5–9 |
4 | 10–19 |
5 | 20–49 |
6 | 50–99 |
7 | 100–249 |
8 | 250–499 |
9 | 500–999 |
10 | 1000 + |
Appendix 3. Consumer sectors of plastic products are divided into domains and their respective life cycle duration. The class ‘manufacture of rubber and plastic products’ is highlighted because it indicates the amounts of plastics used to produce other plastic products
Consumer Sectors | Domains of Activities | Life Cycle Duration |
|---|---|---|
Agriculture, including support for agriculture and post-harvest | Agricultural Activities | Average useful life (Between 1 and 5 years) |
Livestock, including support for livestock | ||
Forest production; fisheries and aquaculture | ||
Extraction of mineral coal and non-metallic minerals | Extractive Activities | Average useful life (Between 1 and 5 years) |
Oil and gas extraction, including support activities | ||
Iron ore extraction, including beneficiation and agglomeration | ||
Extraction of non-ferrous metal minerals, including processing | ||
Meat products, including dairy and fishery products | Food Activities | Short useful life (Up to 1 year) |
Sugar manufacture and refining | ||
Other food products | ||
Beverage Manufacturing | ||
Feeding Services | ||
Manufacture of tobacco products | Tobacco Products | Short useful life (Up to 1 year) |
Manufacture of textile products | Textiles and Clothing | Average useful life (Between 1 and 5 years) |
Manufacture of clothing artifacts and accessories | ||
Manufacture of footwear and leather goods | ||
Manufacture of furniture and products from different industries | Wood and Furniture | Long useful life (Over 5 years) |
Manufacture of wood products | ||
Manufacture of cellulose, paper, and paper products | Paper, pulp, and printing | Average useful life (Between 1 and 5 years) |
Printing and reproduction recordings | ||
Oil refining and coking plants | Oil and Biofuels | Average useful life (Between 1 and 5 years) |
Manufacture of biofuels | ||
Manufacture of organic and inorganic chemicals, resins, and elastomers | Chemicals | Short useful life (Up to 1 year) |
Manufacture of pesticides, disinfectants, paints, and various chemicals | ||
Manufacture of cleaning products, cosmetics/perfumery, and personal hygiene | Toiletry, Hygiene, and Cleaning products | Short useful life (Up to 1 year) |
Manufacture of pharmaceutical chemicals and pharmaceutical products | Pharmaceutical Products | Short useful life (Up to 1 year) |
Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products | Metal and Non-Metallic mineral products | Long useful life (Over 5 years) |
Production of pig iron/ferroalloys, steel, and seamless steel tubes | ||
Non-ferrous metal metallurgy and metal casting | ||
Manufacture of metal products, except machinery and equipment | ||
Manufacture of computer equipment, electronic and optical products | Electronics | Long useful life (Over 5 years) |
Manufacture of electrical machinery and equipment | Machinery | Long useful life (Over 5 years) |
Manufacture of machinery and mechanical equipment | ||
Maintenance, repair, and installation of machinery and equipment | ||
Manufacture of cars, trucks, and buses, except parts | Transportation Activities | Long useful life (Over 5 years) |
Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles | ||
Manufacture of other transport equipment, except motor vehicles | ||
Trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | ||
Ground Transportation | ||
Water transportation | ||
Air Transport | ||
Storage, auxiliary transport, and mail activities | ||
Electricity, natural gas, and other utilities | Water and Electrical Services | Average useful life (Between 1 and 5 years) |
Water, sewage, and waste management | ||
Construction | Civil Construction | Long useful life (Over 5 years) |
Wholesale and retail trade, except motor vehicles | Wholesale and retail goods | Average useful life (Between 1 and 5 years) |
Accommodation | Average useful life (Between 1 and 5 years) | |
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products | ||
Development of systems and other information services | Administrative related services | Average useful life (Between 1 and 5 years) |
Financial intermediation, insurance, and private pension | ||
Real estate activities | ||
Legal, accounting, consulting, and corporate headquarters activities | ||
Architectural, engineering, technical testing/analysis, and R & D services | ||
Non-real estate rentals and management of intellectual property assets | ||
Other administrative activities and complementary services | ||
Public administration, defense, and social security | ||
Membership organizations and other personal services | ||
Public Education | Education and Health | Short useful life (Up to 1 year) |
Public health | ||
Private health | ||
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
dos Santos, Í.E., Fernandes, E.H.L., Pinho, G.L.L. et al. Characteristics and fluxes of plastic debris based on socio-economic data for Patos Lagoon—a choked coastal Lagoon in South Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 59382–59400 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26660-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26660-8