Abstract
Fabrication of heterojunction semiconductors for the photodegradation of toxic organic dyes under sunlight exposure has earned significant recognition from researchers nowadays. On that account, we have synthesized and explored a comparative photodegradation study of ZnO/CuO nanocomposite with ZnO and CuO nanoparticles. ZnO and CuO nanoparticles have been synthesized by biosynthesis methods using Ficus benghalensis leaf extract. As-synthesized ZnO and CuO nanoparticles have been further utilized for the synthesis of ZnO/CuO nanocomposite by the mortar pestle crushing/milling method. Both biosynthesis methods and mortar pestle crushing/milling methods are simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. Structural, optical, and morphological analysis of all the synthesized nanomaterials have been done by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–visible spectroscopy. PXRD data reveal that synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are in the hexagonal wurtzite phase, CuO nanoparticles in the monoclinic phase, and ZnO/CuO nanocomposite in the hexagonal wurtzite as well as in monoclinic phase. FE-SEM and TEM images of ZnO/CuO nanocomposite reveal the nanorod-shaped morphology along with micro-sized and nano-sized flakes. The BET analysis shows the surface areas 18.128 m2/g for ZnO nanoparticles, 16.653 m2/g for CuO nanoparticles, and 19.580 m2/g for ZnO/CuO nanocomposite, respectively. The energy band gap values of ZnO/CuO nanocomposite are obtained 3.13 eV for ZnO and 2.76 eV for CuO, respectively. The photocatalytic behaviors of all the synthesized nanomaterials are examined against aqueous dye solutions of methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), and methyl orange (MO) under sunlight irradiation. The results reveal that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of ZnO/CuO nanocomposite has been found higher than with ZnO and CuO nanoparticles for all the dyes. Also, all the synthesized nanomaterials indicate higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency for methylene blue dye among all three dyes. The kinetics of photodegradation of all the dye solutions has also been investigated in the presence of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO/CuO photocatalysts separately. The results exhibit that rate constant values for all the dyes are higher with ZnO/CuO nanocomposite than with ZnO and CuO nanoparticles. ZnO/CuO nanocomposite demonstrates degradation efficiency for MB dye 99.13%, for RhB 80.21%, and for MO 67.22% after 180 min of sunlight exposure. ZnO/CuO nanocomposite and ZnO and CuO nanoparticles also show the best reusability and stability up to three cycles for photocatalytic degradation of MB dyes among all the dyes. Therefore, green synthesized ZnO/CuO nanocomposite could be used as an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of various toxic dyes. The mineralization of different dyes using ZnO/CuO nanocomposite has been examined by FTIR analysis. Furthermore, the mineralization of MB dye has been done by total organic carbon (TOC) measurements.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Abid N, Khan AM, Shujait S, Chaudhary K, Ikram M, Imran M, Haider J, Khan M, Khan Q, Maqbool M (2022) Synthesis of nanomaterials using various top-down and bottom-up approaches, influencing factors, advantages, and disadvantages: a review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 300:102597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102597
Acedo-Mendoza AG, Infantes-Molina A, Vargas-Hernández D, Chavez-Sánchez CA, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Tánori-Córdova JC (2020) Photodegradation of methylene blue and methyl orange with CuO supported on ZnO photocatalysts: the effect of copper loading and reaction temperature. Mater Sci Semicond Process 119:105257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2020.105257
Adhikari S, Sarkar D, Madras G (2017) Hierarchical design of CuS architectures for visible light photocatalysis of 4-chlorophenol. ACS Omega 2:4009–4021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b00669
Anilkumar MR, Nagaswarupa HP, Anantharaju KS, Gurushantha K, Pratapkumar C, Prashantha SC, Shekhar TRS, Nagabhushana H, Sharma SC, Vidya YS, Prasad D (2015) Green engineered ZnO nanopowders by Banyan Tree and E. tirucalli plant latex: auto ignition route, photoluminescent and photocatalytic properties. Mater Res Express 2:035011. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/2/3/035011
Baghriche O, Rtimi S, Pulgarin C, Kiwi J (2017) Polystyrene CuO/Cu2O uniform films inducing MB-degradation under sunlight. Catal Today 284:77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2016.10.018
Baig N, Kammakakam I, Falath W (2021) Nanomaterials: a review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges. Mater Adv 2:1821–1871. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00807a
Blaskov VN, Stambolova ID, Milenova KI, Zaharieva KL, Dimitrov LD, Stoyanova DD, Eliyas AE (2017) The photodegradation of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes and their mixture by ZnO obtained by hydrothermally activated precipitates. Bulg Chem Commun 49(sp B):183–187
Cao Y, Dhahad HA, El-Shorbagy MA, Alijani HQ, Zakeri M, Heydari A, Bahonar E, Slouf M, Khatami M, Naderifar M, Iravani S, Khatami S, Dehkordi FF (2021) Green synthesis of bimetallic ZnO–CuO nanoparticles and their cytotoxicity properties. Sci Rep 11:23479. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02937-1
Chithambararaj A, Sanjini NS, Bose AC, Velmathi S (2013) Flower-like hierarchical h-MoO3: new findings of efficient visible light driven nano photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation. Catal Sci Technol 3:1405–1414. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CY20764A
Devi LV, Sellaiyan S, Selvalakshmi T, Zhang HJ, Uedono A, Sivaji K, Sankar S (2017) Synthesis, defect characterization and photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Tb doped CuO nanoparticles. Adv Powder Technol 28:3026–3038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2017.09.013
Ghanbari F, Zirrahi F, Lin KYA, Kakavandi B, Hassani A (2020) Enhanced electro-peroxone using ultrasound irradiation for the degradation of organic compounds: a comparative study. J Environ Chem Eng 8:104167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104167
Ghosh A, Mondal A (2016) Fabrication of stable, efficient and recyclable p-CuO/n-ZnO thin film heterojunction for visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Mater Lett 164(2016):221–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.10.148
Giannakis S, Rtimi S, Pulgarin C (2017) Light-assisted advanced oxidation processes for the elimination of chemical and microbiological pollution of wastewaters in developed and developing countries. Molecules 22:1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071070
Golmohammadi M, Honarmand M, Ghanbari S (2020) A green approach to synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using jujube fruit extract and their application in photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 229:117961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117961
Hassani A, Eghbali P, Ekicibil A, Metin Ö (2018a) Monodisperse cobalt ferrite nanoparticles assembled on mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (CoFe2O4/mpg-C3N4): a magnetically recoverable nanocomposite for the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. J Magn Magn Mater 456:400–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.02.067
Hassani A, Eghbali P, Metin Ö (2018b) Sonocatalytic removal of methylene blue from water solution by cobalt ferrite/mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (CoFe2O4/mpg-C3N4) nanocomposites: response surface methodology approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:32140–32155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3151-3
Hassani A, Faraji M, Eghbali P (2020) Facile fabrication of mpg-C3N4/Ag/ZnO nanowires/Zn photocatalyst plates for photodegradation of dye pollutant. J Photochem Photobiol A 400:112665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112665
Houas A, Lachheb H, Ksibi M, Elaloui E, Guillard C, Herrmann JM (2001) Photocatalytic degradation pathway of methylene blue in water. Appl Catal B 31:145–157
Ismail MA, Taha KK, Modwi A, Khezami L (2018) Zno nanoparticles: surface and X-ray profile analysis. J Ovonic Res 14(5):381–393
Jayaprakash J, Srinivasan N, Chandrasekaran P (2014) Surface modifications of CuO nanoparticles using Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid as a capping agent by sol–gel routine. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 123:363–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.12.080
Karim AV, Aydin Hassani A, Eghbali P, Nidheesh PV (2022) Nanostructured modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs)-based catalysts: a review on synthesis, characterization, and applications in water remediation by advanced oxidation processes. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 26:100965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2021.100965
Kaushal S, Kurichh P, Singh PP (2021) Novel 3D flower like ZnO/MnV2O6 heterojunction as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of imidacloprid and photocatalyst for degradation of organic dyes in waste water. Polyhedron 201:115161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2021.115161
Khan I, Saeed K, Zekker I, Zhang B, Hendi AH, Ahmad A, Ahmad S, Zada N, Ahmad H, Shah LA, Shah T, Khan I (2022) Review on methylene blue: its properties, uses, toxicity and photodegradation. Water 14:242. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020242
Kumari V, Sharma S, Sharma A, Kumari K, Kumar N (2021) Hydrothermal synthesis conditions effect on hierarchical ZnO/CuO hybrid materials and their photocatalytic activity. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32:9596–9610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05622-1
Kumari V, Yadav S, Jindal J, Sharma S, Kumari K, Kumar N (2020) Synthesis and characterization of heterogeneous ZnO/CuO hierarchical nanostructures for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant. Adv Powder Technol 31:2658–2668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2020.04.033
Li JF, Rupa EJ, Hurh J, Huo Y, Chen L, Han Y, Ahn JC, Park JK, Lee HA, Mathiyalagan R, Yang DC (2019) Cordyceps militaris fungus mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue dye. Optik 183(691):697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.02.081
Liang Y, Guo N, Li L, Li R, Ji G, Gan S (2015) Preparation of porous 3D Ce-doped ZnO microflowers with enhanced photocatalytic performance. RSC Adv 5:59887. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08519e
Liu S, Tian J, Wang L, Luo Y, Sun X (2012) One-pot synthesis of CuO nanoflower-decorated reduced graphene oxide and its application to photocatalytic degradation of dyes. Catal Sci Technol 2:339–344. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cy00374g
Liu H, Wu X, Li X, Wang J, Fan X (2014) Simple preparation of scale-like CuO nanoparticles coated on tetrapod-like ZnO whisker photocatalysts. Chinese J Catal 35:1997–2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(14)60198-4
Lu Q, Wei Z, Li C, Ma J, Li L (2022) Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by noble metal Ag modified semiconductor Zn2SnO4. Mater Sci Semicond Process 138:106290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2021.106290
Madihi-Bidgoli S, Asadnezhad S, Yaghoot-Nezhad A, Hassani A (2021) Azurobine degradation using Fe2O3@multi-walled carbon nanotube activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) under UVA-LED irradiation: performance, mechanism and environmental application. J Environ Chem Eng 9:106660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106660
Mahajan P, Singh A, Arya S (2020) Improved performance of solution processed organic solar cells with an additive layer of sol-gel synthesized ZnO/CuO core/shell nanoparticles. J Alloys Compd 814:152292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152292
Maity CK, Hatui G, Verma K, Udayabhanu G, Pathak DD, Nayak GC (2018) Single pot fabrication of N doped reduced GO (N-rGO)/ZnO-CuO nanocomposite as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitor application. Vacuum 157:145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.08.019
Manikandan DB, Arumugam M, Veeran S, Sridhar A, Sekar RK, Perumalsamy B, Ramasamy T (2021) Biofabrication of ecofriendly copper oxide nanoparticles using Ocimum americanum aqueous leaf extract: analysis of in vitro antibacterial, anticancer, and photocatalytic activities. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:33927–33941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12108-w
Miri A, Vahed HOS, Sarani M (2018) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their role in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. Res Chem Intermed 44:6907–6915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-018-3529-3
Mohammadi-Aloucheh R, Habibi-Yangjeh A, Bayrami A, Latifi-Navid S, Asadi A (2018) Green synthesis of ZnO and ZnO/CuO nanocomposites in Mentha longifolia leaf extract: characterization and their application as antibacterial agent. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron 29:13596–13605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-9487-0
Mojet BL, Ebbesenz SD, Lefferts L (2010) Light at the interface: the potential of attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy for understanding heterogeneous catalysis in water. Chem Soc Rev 39:4643–4655. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cs00014k
Mousa HM, Alenezi JF, Mohamed IMA, Yasin AS, Hashem AFM, Abdal-hay A (2021) Synthesis of TiO2@ZnO heterojunction for dye photodegradation and wastewater treatment. J Alloys Compd 886:161169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161169
Rafique M, Shafiq F, Gillani SSA, Shakil M, Tahir MB, Sadaf I (2020) Eco-friendly green and biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Citrofortunella microcarpa leaves extract for efficient photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye form textile wastewater. Optik 208:164053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.164053
Rahman QI, Ahmad M, Misra SK, Lohani M (2013) Effective photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye by ZnO nanoparticles. Mater Lett 91:170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.09.044
Ramalingam G, Perumal N, Priya AK, Rajendran S (2022) A review of graphene-based semiconductors for photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in wastewater. Chemosphere 300:134391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134391
Rtimi S, Pulgarin C, Sanjines R, Kiwi J (2015) Kinetics and mechanism for transparent polyethylene-TiO2 films mediated self-cleaning leading to MB dye discoloration under sunlight irradiation. Appl Catal B 162:236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.05.039
Rtimi S, Giannakis S, Bensimon M, Pulgarin C, Sanjines R, Kiwi J (2016) Supported TiO2 films deposited at different energies: implications of the surface compactness on the catalytic kinetics. Appl Catal B 191:42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.019
Sadollahkhani A, Ibupoto ZH, Elhag S, Nur O, Willander M (2014) Photocatalytic properties of different morphologies of CuO for the degradation of Congo red organic dye. Ceram Int 40:11311–11317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.03.132
Sahin B, Kaya T (2021) Facile preparation and characterization of nanostructured ZnO/CuO composite thin film for sweat concentration sensing applications. Mater Sci Semicond Process 121:105428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2020.105428
Saleh R, Djaja NF (2014) UV light photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes with Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Superlattices Microstruct 74:217–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2014.06.013
Sanakousar FM, Vidyasagar CC, Jimenez-Perez VM, Prakash K (2022) Recent progress on visible-light-driven metal and non-metal doped ZnO nanostructures for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Mater Sci Semicond Process 140:106390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2021.106390
Saravanan R, Karthikeyan S, Gupta VK, Sekaran G, Narayanan V, Stephen A (2013) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO/CuO nanocomposite for the degradation of textile dye on visible light illumination. Mater Sci Eng C 33:91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2012.08.011
Sharma S, Khare N (2018) Hierarchical Bi2S3 nanoflowers: a novel photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of binary mixture of Rhodamine B and Methylene blue dyes and degradation of mixture of p-nitrophenol and p-chlorophenol. Adv Powder Technol 29:3336–3347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2018.09.012
Singhal N, Selvaraj S, Sivalingam Y, Venugopal G (2022) Study of photocatalytic degradation efficiency of rGO/ZnO nano-photocatalyst and their performance analysis using scanning Kelvin probe. J Environ Chem Eng 10:107293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107293
Su NR, Lv P, Li M, Zhang X, Li M, Niu J (2014) Fabrication of MgFe2O4-ZnO heterojunction photocatalysts for application of organic pollutants. Mater Lett 122:201–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.12.106
Szostak K, Banach M (2019) Sorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue on bentonite ZnO-CuO nanocomposite. J Mol Liq 286:110859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.136
Tahira A, Nafady A, Arain M, Sirajuddin SSTH, Shaikh T, Baloach Q, Willander M, Ibupoto ZH (2016) The synthesis of new nanostructures of CuO using ascorbic acid as growth directing agent and their sensitive electrochemical detection of hydrazine. Sensor Lett 14:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1166/sl.2016.3661
Ullah R, Dutta J (2008) Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes with manganese-doped ZnO nanoparticles. J Hazard Mater 156:194–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.033
Verma S, Tirumala Rao B, Singh R, Kaul R (2021) Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of cationic and anionic dyes using Au–ZnO nanorods: role of pH for selective and simultaneous degradation of binary dye mixtures. Ceram Int 47(2021):34751–34764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.09.014
Waghchaure RH, Adole VA, Jagdale BS, Koli PB (2022) Fe3+ modified zinc oxide nanomaterial as an efficient, multifaceted material for photocatalytic degradation of MB dye and ethanol gas sensor as part of environmental rectification. Inorg Chem Commun 140:109450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109450
Wang XQ, Han SF, Zhang QW, Zhang N, Zhao DD (2018) Photocatalytic oxidation degradation mechanism study of methylene blue dye waste water with GR/iTO2. MATEC Web Conf 238:03006. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823803006
Yadav S, Rani N, Saini K (2022a) A review on transition metal oxides based nanocomposites, their synthesis techniques, different morphologies and potential applications. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 1225:012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1225/1/012004
Yadav S, Rani N, Saini K (2022b) Green synthesis of ZnO and CuO NPs using Ficus benghalensis leaf extract and their comparative study for electrode materials for high performance supercapacitor application. Mater Today: Proc 49:2124–2130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.323
Yadav S, Rani N, Saini K (2022c) Synthesis and characterization of NiO/Cr2O3 nanocomposite with effective sunlight driven photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22746-x
Yadav S, Yadav J, Kumar M, Saini K (2022d) Synthesis and characterization of nickel oxide/cobalt oxide nanocomposite for effective degradation of methylene blue and their comparative electrochemical study as electrode material for supercapacitor application. Int J Hydrog Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.011
Yu J, Kiwi J, Wang T, Pulgarin C, Rtimi S (2019a) Duality in the mechanism of hexagonal ZnO/CuxO nanowires inducing sulfamethazine degradation under solar or visible light. Catalysts 9:916. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9110916
Yu J, Kiwi J, Wang T, Pulgarin C, Rtimi S (2019b) Evidence for a dual mechanism in the TiO2/CuxO photocatalyst during the degradation of sulfamethazine under solar or visible light: critical issues. J Photochem Photobio A 375:270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.02.033
Zeghioud H, Khellaf N, Amrane A, Djelal H, Elfalleh W, Assadi AA, Rtimi S (2017) Photocatalytic performance of TiO2 impregnated polyester for the degradation of Reactive Green 12: implications of the surface pretreatment and the microstructure. J Photochem Photobio A 346:493–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.07.005
Zeghioud H, Khellaf N, Amrane A, Djelal H, Bouhelassa M, Assadi AA, Rtimi S (2021) Combining photocatalytic process and biological treatment for Reactive Green 12 degradation: optimization, mineralization, and phytotoxicity with seed germination. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:12490–12499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11282-1
Zhua D, Zhou Q (2019) Action and mechanism of semiconductor photocatalysis on degradation of organic pollutants in water treatment: a review. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 12:100255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2019.100255
Acknowledgements
The authors cordially thank Principal, Miranda House, University of Delhi for providing laboratory facilities. The authors also thank MRC, MNIT, Jaipur, India for providing the BET facility. The authors also acknowledge Dr. Monika Singh, Scientist-D, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, for providing the TEM facility. The authors acknowledge the Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, India for providing a TOC analysis facility on an urgent basis. The authors also thank Sagar Dhanuskar, Ph.D. research scholar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Delhi, India for assisting in the TOC analysis. The authors gratefully acknowledge the USIC, University of Delhi for providing instrumental facilities for structural characterizations of synthesized ZnO and CuO nanoparticles and their nanocomposite.
Funding
Sapna Yadav is thankful to CSIR, New Delhi for SRF (CSIR, File No. 08/700(0004)/2019-EMR-I).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, Sapna Yadav; writing—review and editing, Nutan Rani; supervision and editing, Kalawati Saini.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable
Consent to participate
All the authors consented to participate in the drafting of this research article.
Consent for publication
All of the authors consented to publish this research article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Sami Rtimi
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yadav, S., Rani, N. & Saini, K. Coupling ZnO with CuO for efficient organic pollutant removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 71984–72008 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24139-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24139-6