Abstract
To explore the mechanism of extraction and enrichment of three nitrophenol isomers by charge-transfer supramolecular synergistic three-phase microextraction system, a charge transfer supramolecular-mediated hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (CTSM-HF-LPME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC–UV) method was established for the determination of real environmental water samples. In this study, the three nitrophenols (NPs) formed charge-transfer supramolecules with electron-rich hollow fibers, which promoted the transport of NPs in the three-phase extraction system and greatly increased the EFs of NPs. The relationships between the EFs of NPs and their solubility, pKa, apparent partition coefficient, equilibrium constant, and structural property parameters were investigated and discussed. At the same time, most of factors affecting the EFs of NPs were investigated and optimized, such as the type of extraction solvent, pH value of sample phase and acceptor phase, extraction time, and stirring speed. Under optimal conditions, the EFs of o-nitrophenol, m-nitrophenol, and p-nitrophenol were 163, 145, and 87, respectively. With good linearity in the range of 5 × 10−7 ~ 1 µg/mL, and the limit of detection of 0.1 pg/mL, the relative standard deviations of the method precision were lower than 7.4%, and the average recoveries were between 98.6 and 106.4%. This method had good selectivity and sensitivity, satisfactory precision, and accuracy and had been successfully applied to the trace detection of real water samples.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the College of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, for providing scientific resources and equipment facilities in this study.
Funding
This work was supported by the Nature Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (Grant No. 201901D111207) and the National Natural science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81973287).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Zhaohui Wang, Dou-dou Xu, Xiaohong Bai, Shuang Hu, Rong-rong Xing, and Xuan Chen. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Zhaohui Wang, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Wang, Zh., Xu, Dd., Bai, Xh. et al. A study on the enrichment mechanism of three nitrophenol isomers in environmental water samples by charge transfer supramolecular-mediated hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 18973–18984 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23409-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23409-7