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Spatiotemporal evaluation and assessment of shallow groundwater quality for irrigation of a tropical coastal groundwater basin

  • GIS Applied to Soil-Agricultural Health for Environmental Sustainability
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A Correction to this article was published on 23 August 2022

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Abstract

The present study aims at analyzing groundwater quantity and quality simultaneously to identify its availability and suitability for irrigation. Various water quality indices were used to assess (i) origin of the groundwater sources (Gibbs diagram); (ii) salinity, alkalinity, and sodium hazard (sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage, Kelly’s ratio, US Salinity Laboratory diagram, Wilcox diagram); (iii) magnesium hazard (magnesium absorption ratio); (iv) carbonate and bicarbonate hazard (residual sodium carbonate); (v) hydro-chemical facie and evaluation (Piper diagram and Expanded Durov diagram); and (vi) statistical relationship among the variables, sample sites, and spatiotemporal grouping (principal component analysis and cluster analysis). The overall objective is to quantify the irrigation suitability of groundwater reserves. Gibb’s diagram suggests that the groundwater quality is mainly controlled by rock-water interaction. Piper trilinear showed the presence of various types of hydro-chemical facies such as Ca–Mg–HCO3, mixed, and sodium bicarbonate. The expanded Durov diagram revealed the hydro-chemical evolution, grouping, and areal distribution of the groundwater samples. USSL diagram, Wilcox diagram, Kelly’s ratio, magnesium hazard, and permeability index suggest that the groundwater quality is suitable for irrigation. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s tests confirmed the applicability of principal component analysis (PCA), which indicates that groundwater quality is controlled by rock-water interaction mainly. It also suggests that the groundwater has carbonate dissolution, which indicates the groundwater’s hardness increased. Cluster analysis (CA) from the year 2000 to 2010 shows 4 to 8 groups present within the study area. Irrigation water quality suitability map and predicted groundwater potential zone map together act as a master tool for deciding tube well location, pumping schedule, and crop planning for the sustainability of the agriculture eco-system in the study area. The implementation of the aforementioned activities in the study area will further stop the advancement of the seawater intrusion front. The methodology shows the potential applicability for similar coastal groundwater basins worldwide with or without modification.

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Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from CGWB, GWSI, Water Resources Dept., and Lift Irrigation Dept., but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission from CGWB, GWSI, Water Resources Dept., and Lift Irrigation Dept.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Groundwater Survey and Investigation Department (Odisha); Dept. of Water Resources (Odisha); Lift Irrigation Corporation Ltd., Balasore (Odisha); and Central Ground Water Board, Bhubaneswar (Odisha), for providing necessary data and support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248195, India

    Uday Mandal

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India

    Anirban Dhar

  3. SRM University-AP, Neerukonda, Mangalagiri, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522240, India

    Sudhindra N. Panda

  4. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Dipaka R. Sena

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  1. Uday Mandal
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Contributions

Conceptualization: [Uday Mandal, A. Dhar], methodology: [Uday Mandal, A. Dhar, D. R. Sena]; formal analysis and investigation: [Uday Mandal, A. Dhar, D. R. Sena]; writing—original draft preparation: [Uday Mandal]; writing—review and editing: [Uday Mandal, A. Dhar, S. N. Panda]; resources: [S. N. Panda], and supervision: [A. Dhar, S. N. Panda].

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Correspondence to Uday Mandal.

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Mandal, U., Dhar, A., Panda, S.N. et al. Spatiotemporal evaluation and assessment of shallow groundwater quality for irrigation of a tropical coastal groundwater basin. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 116715–116740 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22266-8

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