Abstract
This study aims to investigate the ecological risk level of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in İzmir Inner Gulf. Samples were taken from 16 stations selected in the southern littoral zone of the gulf for four seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn). Multi-element, total organic carbon, chlorophyll-a, biogenic silica and carbonate analyses were carried out. To determine contamination level and ecological risks, some indices (enrichment factor, modified hazard quotient and potential risk analysis, toxic risk index, etc.) were calculated. Mo and Pb show significant anthropogenic enrichment in the inner gulf. These are followed by Cu, Cd, and Zn with moderate accumulation. Risk assessment indices point out that Ni, Cr, and Cd have a serious potential to create risk for ecosystem, and these are followed by As, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Cu. According to the spatial distribution, land use maps, and factor analysis, the Cd, Zn, and Cr increases are localized at the mouth of the Poligon Stream. Pb and Cu accumulate at the mouth of four large streams feeding the eastern part of the gulf. Pb and Cu enrichment is associated with traffic and industrial discharges. While one of the sources of Hg is anthropogenic, another source is eutrophication resulting from benthic and planktonic diatom blooms. While Fe and Mn are added to the gulf via rivers as a result of rock and soil erosion, another source is sediment. Cr, As, and Ni come from anthropogenic and lithogenic sources and immobilized in sediment. CO3−2 source is marine (biogenic) and dilutes other immobilized PTEs. It is understood that the peripheral stations rich in allochthonous organic carbon and the stations close to the central area rich in autochthonous organic carbon contribute to the carbon source in question.
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Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request via e-mail.
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We thank TUBITAK for their support and Mr. Graham Lee for proof-reading the text.
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This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) within the scope of project 114Y419.
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EYÖ, conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, project administration, writing—original draft. Ş.F, conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, software, writing—original draft, visualization. S.K, Conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, resources, writing—review and editing. HBB, Conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, validation, writing—review and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Özkan, E.Y., Fural, Ş., Kükrer, S. et al. Seasonal and spatial variations of ecological risk from potential toxic elements in the southern littoral zone of İzmir Inner Gulf, Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 62669–62689 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19987-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19987-1