Abstract
Heavy metal pollution of sediments is a growing concern in most parts of the world, and numerous studies focussed on identifying contaminated sediments by using a range of digestion methods and pollution indices to estimate sediment contamination have been described in the literature. The current work provides a critical review of the more commonly used sediment digestion methods and identifies that weak acid digestion is more likely to provide guidance on elements that are likely to be bioavailable than other traditional methods of digestion. This work also reviews common pollution indices and identifies the Nemerow Pollution Index as the most appropriate method for establishing overall sediment quality. Consequently, a modified Pollution Index that can lead to a more reliable understanding of whole sediment quality is proposed. This modified pollution index is then tested against a number of existing studies and demonstrated to give a reliable and rapid estimate of sediment contamination and quality.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abal, E. G., & Dennison, W. C. (1996). Seagrass depth range and water quality in southern Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 47(6), 763–771. doi:10.1071/MF9960763. Retrieved from http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/MF9960763.
Abdolahpur Monikh, F., Maryamabadi, A., Savari, A., & Ghanemi, K. (2013). Heavy metals’ concentration in sediment, shrimp and two fish species from the northwest Persian Gulf. Toxicology and Industrial Health. doi:10.1177/0748233713475498. Retrieved from http://tih.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/02/04/0748233713475498.abstract.
Abrahim, G., & Parker, R. (2008). Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136(1), 227–238. doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9678-2. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9678-2.
Ahdy, H. H. H., & Youssef, D. H. (2011). Fractionation analysis of some heavy metals in sediments of the north-western part of the Red Sea, Egypt. Chemistry and Ecology, 1–17. doi:10.1080/02757540.2010.547488. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2010.547488.
Albores, A. F., Cid, B. P., Gomez, E. F., & Lopez, E. F. (2000). Comparison between sequential extraction procedures and single extractions for metal partitioning in sewage sludge samples. Analyst, 125(7), 1353–1357. doi:10.1039/b001983f. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B001983F.
Ali, A. A., Elazein, E. M., & Alian, M. A. (2011). Determination of heavy metals in four common fish, water and sediment collected from red sea at Jeddah Isalmic Port Coas. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 1(10), 453–459.
Baptista Neto, J. A., Smith, B. J., & McAllister, J. J. (2000). Heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments in a nearshore environment, Jurujuba Sound, Southeast Brazil. Environmental Pollution, 109(1), 1–9. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VB5-3YXB1S5-M/2/1d9a1838a1e2637847abff948d6bdcf5.
Beltrán, R., de la Rosa, J., Santos, J., Beltrán, M., & Gómez-Ariza, J. (2010). Heavy metal mobility assessment in sediments from the Odiel River (Iberian Pyritic Belt) using sequential extraction. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61(7), 1493–1503. doi:10.1007/s12665-010-0465-y. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0465-y.
Bhat, U. N., & Khan, A. B. (2011). Heavy metals: an ambiguous category of inorganic contaminants, nutrients and toxins. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 5(8), 682–690.
Binning, K., & Baird, D. (2001). Survey of heavy metals in the sediments of the Swartkops River Estuary, Port Elizabeth South Africa. Water S. A., 27(4), 461–466.
Birch, G., & Taylor, S. (1999). Source of heavy metals in sediments of the Port Jackson estuary, Australia. The Science of the Total Environment, 227(2-3), 123–138. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V78-3W7PV6M-4/2/ab2b2a88bc830c0caff411a30ac412c9.
Blasco, J., Arias, A. M., & Sáenz, V. (1999). Heavy metals in organisms of the River Guadalquivir estuary: possible incidence of the Aznalcóllar disaster. The Science of the Total Environment, 242(1-3), 249–259. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V78-3Y80G6V-M/2/7d3211ae87ac3a84f1022edf5bfe6f25.
Bryan, G. W. (1971). The effects of heavy metals (other than mercury) on marine and estuarine organisms. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 177, 389–410.
Casas, A. M., & Crecelius, E. A. (1994). Relationship between acid volatile sulfide and the toxicity of zinc, lead and copper in marine sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 13(3), 529–536.
Çevik, F., Göksu, M., Derici, O., & Fındık, Ö. (2009). An assessment of metal pollution in surface sediments of Seyhan dam by using enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index and statistical analyses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 152(1-4), 309–317. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0317-3. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0317-3.
Chapman, P. M., & Wang, F. (2001). Assessing sediment contamination in estuaries. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20(1), 3–22. doi:10.1002/etc.5620200102. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620200102.
Che, Y., He, Q., & Lin, W.-Q. (2003). The distributions of particulate heavy metals and its indication to the transfer of sediments in the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46(1), 123–131. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-47MHXHP-4/2/1104d7bcf1643af15e7dc1b62ee477b6.
Chen, C.-W., Kao, C.-M., Chen, C.-F., & Dong, C.-D. (2007). Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere, 66(8), 1431–1440.
Cheng, J.-l., Shi, Z., & Zhu, Y.-W. (2007). Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19(1), 50–54.
Cox, M., & Preda, M. (2005). Trace metal distribution within marine and estuarine sediments of Western Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia: relation to land use and setting. Geographical Research, 43(2), 173–193. Retrieved from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/22284/.
de Caritat, P., & Cooper, M. (2011). National geochemical survey of Australia: the geochemical atlas of Australia. Canberra: Geoscience Australia.
De Jonge, M., Blust, R., & Bervoets, L. (2010). The relation between acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and metal accumulation in aquatic invertebrates: implications of feeding behavior and ecology. Environmental Pollution, 158(5), 1381–1391.
De Wolf, H., Backeljau, T., & Blust, R. (2000). Heavy metal accumulation in the periwinkle Littorina littorea, along a pollution gradient in the Scheldt estuary. Science of the Total Environment, 262(1-2), 111–121. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V78-4183J08-C/2/f106e8f443ed121daed371b681163cfb.
Deng, H.-G., Zhang, J., Wang, D.-Q., Chen, Z.-L., & Xu, S.-Y. (2010a). Heavy metal pollution and assessment of the tidal flat sediments near the coastal sewage outfalls of shanghai, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 60(1), 57–63. doi:10.1007/s12665-009-0169-3. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0169-3.
Deng, Y., Zheng, B., Fu, G., Lei, K., & Li, Z. (2010b). Study on the total water pollutant load allocation in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary and adjacent seawater area. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 86(3), 331–336. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WDV-4XR5N8K-1/2/f653892ac5d1c413758855ea78ba79a5.
Di Toro, D. M., Mahony, J. D., Hansen, D. J., Scott, K. J., Hicks, M. B., Mayr, S. M., & Redmond, M. S. (1990). Toxicity of cadmium in sediments: the role of acid volatile sulfide. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9(12), 1487–1502.
Di Toro, D. M., Mahony, J. D., Hansen, D. J., Scott, K. J., Carlson, A. R., & Ankley, G. T. (1992). Acid volatile sulfide predicts the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments. Environmental Science & Technology, 26(1), 96–101.
Dinescu, L. C., Steinnes, E., Duliu, O. G., Ciortea, C., Sjobakk, T. E., Dumitriu, D. E., Gugiu, M. M., & Haralambie, M. (2004). Distribution of some major and trace elements in Danube Delta lacustrine sediments and soil. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 262(2), 245–354.
Driscoll, C. T., Lawrence, G. B., Bulger, A. J., Butler, T. J., Cronan, C. S., Eagar, C., Lambert, K. F., Likens, G. E., Stoddard, J. L., & Weathers, K. C. (2001). Acidic deposition in the Northeastern United States: sources and inputs, ecosystem effects, and management strategies: the effects of acidic deposition in the northeastern United States include the acidification of soil and water, which stresses terrestrial and aquatic biota. BioScience, 51(3), 180–198.
Dung, T., Cappuyns, V., Swennen, R., & Phung, N. (2013). From geochemical background determination to pollution assessment of heavy metals in sediments and soils. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 1–19. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11157-013-9315-1.
Gao, S., Luo, T.-C., Zhang, B.-R., Zhang, H.-F., Han, Y.-W., Zhao, Z.-D., & Hu, Y.-K. (1998). Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in East China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62(11), 1959–1975. doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(98)00121-5. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703798001215.
Gaw, A., Cowan, R. A., O’Reilly, D. S. J., Stewart, M. J., & Shepherd, J. (1999). Metal poisoning. In Clinical biochemistry (2nd ed., pp. 114–118). Sydney: Churchill Livingstone.
Gómez-Parra, A., Forja, J. M., DelValls, T. A., Sáenz, I., & Riba, I. (2000). Early contamination by heavy metals of the Guadalquivir estuary after the Aznalcóllar Mining Spill (SW Spain). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(12), 1115–1123. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-41WJY0N-7/2/b37cb6608ff0c37f4df771ef2bc36b98.
González-Fernández, D., Garrido-Pérez, M., Nebot-Sanz, E., & Sales-Márquez, D. (2011). Source and fate of heavy metals in marine sediments from a semi-enclosed deep embayment subjected to severe anthropogenic activities. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 1–12. doi:10.1007/s11270-011-0782-0. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-0782-0.
Grecco, L., Gómez, E., Botté, S., Marcos, Á., Marcovecchio, J., & Cuadrado, D. (2011). Natural and anthropogenic heavy metals in estuarine cohesive sediments: geochemistry and bioavailability. Ocean Dynamics, 61(2), 285–293. doi:10.1007/s10236-010-0354-7. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-010-0354-7.
Ghrefat, H., & Yusuf, N. (2006). Assessing Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cd pollution in bottom sediments of Wadi Al-Arab Dam, Jordan. Chemosphere, 65(11), 2114–2121.
Ghrefat, H. A., Abu-Rukah, Y., & Rosen, M. A. (2011). Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Kafrain Dam, Jordan. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 178(1–4), 95–109.
Guang, X., Jian, X., Yue, Z., Caiyun, Z., & Qing, W. (2010). Application of Nemerow Pollution Index in landscape river water quality assessment of Tianjin. In 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE), 2010 (pp. 1–4).
Gunawardena, J., Egodawatta, P., Ayoko, G. A., & Goonetilleke, A. (2012). Role of traffic in atmospheric accumulation of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Atmospheric Environment, 54, 502–510. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.058. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231012001732.
Gunawardena, J., Egodawatta, P., Ayoko, G. A., & Goonetilleke, A. (2013). Atmospheric deposition as a source of heavy metals in urban stormwater. Atmospheric Environment, 68, 235–242. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.062. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231012011302.
Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14(8), 975–1001. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135480901438.
Hans Wedepohl, K. (1995). The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 1217–1232. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016703795000382.
He, M., Wang, Z., & Tang, H. (1998). The chemical, toxicological and ecological studies in assessing the heavy metal pollution in Le An River, China. Water Research, 32(2), 510–518.
Hu, G., Yu, R., Zhao, J., & Chen, L. (2011). Distribution and enrichment of acid-leachable heavy metals in the intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, southeast coast of China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173(1-4), 107–116. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1374-y. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1374-y.
Imperato, M., Adamo, P., Naimo, D., Arienzo, M., Stanzione, D., & Violante, P. (2003). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy). Environmental Pollution, 124(2), 247–256. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VB5-483025G-2/2/33ecb6b953c0ead8eff5d1b85f2039e2.
Jing, D. (2006). An application of the Nemerow Pollution Index in the quality assessment of the seawater environment in the vicinity of terrestrial drains. Journal of Fujian Fisheries, 1, 000.
Jones, B., & Turki, A. (1997). Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in surficial sediments from the Tees Estuary, north-east England. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 34(10), 768–779. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-3WTP1T0-1G/2/ed7acb067105cb3786d19588039bcdcf.
Jones, A. B., O’Donohue, M. J., Udy, J., & Dennison, W. C. (2001). Assessing ecological impacts of shrimp and sewage effluent: biological indicators with standard water quality analyses. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 52(1), 91–109. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WDV-458W57V-2Y/2/cfec3de82c92c9c63767c9f7e7133733.
Karim, M. (2000). Arsenic in groundwater and health problems in Bangladesh. Water Research, 34(1), 304–310.
Kaushik, A., Kansal, A., Kumari, S., & Kaushik, C. (2009). Heavy metal contamination of river Yamuna, Haryana, India: assessment by metal enrichment factor of the sediments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(1), 265–270.
Keskin, Ş. (2012). Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Akkaya Dam, Nigde, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(1), 449–460. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-1979-9. Retrieved from http://download-v2.springer.com/static/pdf/497/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10661-011-1979-9.pdf?token2=exp=1430095238~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F497%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs10661-011-1979-9.pdf*~hmac=e9702dcd29845131982cbd6e42f9a67d67742281d927ce0d74a318379bcf2ab6.
Kim, K. W., Myung, J. H., Ahn, J. S., & Chon, H. T. (1998). Heavy metal contamination in dusts and stream sediments in the Taejon area, Korea. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 64(1-3), 409–419. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCP-3VWF85X-1M/2/3322819fb2c9a5098776cca8d3798c35.
Klöppel, H., Fliedner, A., & Kördel, W. (1997). Behaviour and ecotoxicology of aluminium in soil and water-review of the scientific literature. Chemosphere, 35(1), 353–363.
Krewski, D., Yokel, R. A., Nieboer, E., Borchelt, D., Cohen, J., Harry, J., Kacew, S., Lindsay, J., Mahfouz, A. M., & Rondeau, V. (2007). Human health risk assessment for aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 10(S1), 1–269.
Kumar, R., Joseph, C. S., Gireesh Kumar, M. M., Renjith, T. R., Manju, M. N., & Chandramohanakumar, N. (2010). Spatial variability and contamination of heavy metals in the inter-tidal systems of a tropical environment. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4(4), 691–700.
Lee, C.-L., Fang, M.-D., & Hsieh, M.-T. (1998). Characterization and distribution of metals in surficial sediments in southwestern Taiwan. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(6), 464–471.
Lee, P.-K., Kang, M.-J., Jo, H., & Choi, S.-H. (2012). Sequential extraction and leaching characteristics of heavy metals in abandoned tungsten mine tailings sediments. Environmental Earth Sciences, 66(7), 1909–1923. doi:10.1007/s12665-011-1415-z. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1415-z.
Li, X., Poon, C.-S., & Liu, P. S. (2001). Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong. Applied Geochemistry, 16(11-12), 1361–1368. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VDG-433NPP0-8/2/59ecbecc0732b9c52977638e6a2e5a8c.
Liu, W. X., Li, X. D., Shen, Z. G., Wang, D. C., Wai, O. W. H., & Li, Y. S. (2003). Multivariate statistical study of heavy metal enrichment in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary. Environmental Pollution, 121(3), 377–388. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VB5-461XGGT-2/2/0bbe760fcb0b235e1bc08ef9b7fea1c9.
Liu, W. H., Zhao, J. Z., Ouyang, Z. Y., Söderlund, L., & Liu, G. H. (2005). Impacts of sewage irrigation on heavy metal distribution and contamination in Beijing, China. Environment International, 31(6), 805–812. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V7X-4GG2J5F-5/2/897595a96bf25f977e5c47dd64bc3555.
Liu, B., Hu, K., Jiang, Z., Yang, J., Luo, X., & Liu, A. (2011). Distribution and enrichment of heavy metals in a sediment core from the Pearl River Estuary. Environmental Earth Sciences, 62(2), 265–275. doi:10.1007/s12665-010-0520-8. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0520-8.
Mandal, B. K., Chowdhury, T. R., Samanta, G., Basu, G. K., Chowdhury, P., Chanda, C. R., Lodh, D., Karan, N. K., Dhar, R. K., Tamili, D. K., Das, D., & Saha, K. C. (1996). Arsenic in groundwater in seven districts of West Bengal, India—the biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Current Science (Bangalore), 70(11), 976–985.
Martin, J. M., Nirel, P., & Thomas, A. J. (1987). Sequential extraction techniques, promises and problems. Marine Chemistry, 22(2-4), 313–341.
Mitra, A., Chowdhury, R., & Banerjee, K. (2012). Concentrations of some heavy metals in commercially important finfish and shellfish of the River Ganga. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(4), 2219–2230. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-2111-x. Retrieved from http://download-v2.springer.com/static/pdf/885/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10661-011-2111-x.pdf?token2=exp=1430095359~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F885%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs10661-011-2111-x.pdf*~hmac=304d8845f0797b260925e78968836c5ac8f4217646572918696f25b2b3dd5cf2.
Mohammed, T., Loganathan, P., Kinsela, A., Vigneswaran, S., & Kandasamy, J. (2012). Enrichment, inter-relationship, and fractionation of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments of Sydney, Australia. Soil Research, 50(3), 229–238. doi:10.1071/SR12010. Retrieved from http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/SR12010.
Muller, G. (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine. Geojournal, 2, 108–118.
Nemerow, N. L. (1991). Stream, lake, estuary, and ocean pollution. New York: United States.
Ofiara, D. D., & Seneca, J. J. (2006). Biological effects and subsequent economic effects and losses from marine pollution and degradations in marine environments: implications from the literature. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52(8), 844–864. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-4K428X2-1/2/7e6412be81ba979a7f8597b2f38c5e42.
Pantus, F., & Dennison, W. (2005). Quantifying and evaluating ecosystem health: a case study from Moreton Bay, Australia. Environmental Management, 36(5), 757–771. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0110-6.
Park, J.-S., Lee, J.-S., Kim, G.-B., Cha, J.-S., Shin, S., Kang, H.-G., Hong, E.-J., Chung, G.-T., & Kim, Y.-H. (2010). Mercury and methylmercury in freshwater fish and sediments in South Korea using newly adopted purge and trap GC-MS detection method. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 207(1), 391–401. doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0144-3. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0144-3.
Pempkowiak, J. (1991). Enrichment factors of heavy metals in the Southern Baltic surface sediments dated with 210Pb and 137Cs. Environment International, 17(5), 421–428.
Pengthamkeerati, P., Kornkanitnan, N., Sawangarreruks, S., Wanichacheva, N., Wainiphithapong, C., & Sananwai, N. (2013). Assessment of heavy metals in sediments of the Don Hoi Lot area in the Mae Klong estuary, Thailand. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 48(11), 1356–1364. doi:10.1080/10934529.2013.781881. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10934529.2013.781881.
Pier, S. M., & Bang, K. M. (1980). The role of heavy metals in human health. In N. M. Trieff (Ed.), Environment and health (pp. 367–409). Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science.
Preda, M., & Cox, M. E. (2001). Trace metals in acid sediments and waters, Pimpama catchment, southeast Queensland, Australia. Environmental Geology, 40(6), 755–768. doi:10.1007/s002540100318. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540100318.
Preda, M., & Cox, M. E. (2002). Trace metal occurrence and distribution in sediments and mangroves, Pumicestone region, southeast Queensland, Australia. Environment International, 28(5), 433–449. doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(02)00074-0. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412002000740.
Qingjie, G., Jun, D., Yunchuan, X., Qingfei, W., & Liqiang, Y. (2008). Calculating pollution indices by heavy metals in ecological geochemistry assessment and a case study in parks of Beijing. Journal of China University of Geosciences, 19(3), 230–241.
Riba, I., DelValls, T. A., Forja, J. M., & Gómez-Parra, A. (2002). Influence of the Aznalcóllar mining spill on the vertical distribution of heavy metals in sediments from the Guadalquivir estuary (SW Spain). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(1), 39–47. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-44YDH85-J/2/ead5d5f090c3c23d6181847252db33c2.
Riosmena-Rodríguez, R., Talavera-Sáenz, A., Acosta-Vargas, B., & Gardner, S. (2010). Heavy metals dynamics in seaweeds and seagrasses in Bahía Magdalena, B.C.S., México. Journal of Applied Phycology, 22(3), 283–291. doi:10.1007/s10811-009-9457-2. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-009-9457-2.
Romic, M., & Romic, D. (2003). Heavy metals distribution in agricultural topsoils in urban area. Environmental Geology, 43(7), 795–805. doi:10.1007/s00254-002-0694-9. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0694-9.
Ruiz, F. (2001). Trace metals in estuarine sediments from the Southwestern Spanish Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(6), 481–489. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-438TTRR-8/2/c22b18227b616bce60af46be99ba6c95.
Shikazono, N., Tatewaki, K., Mohiuddin, K., Nakano, T., & Zakir, H. (2012). Sources, spatial variation, and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tamagawa River in Central Japan. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 34(1), 13–26. doi:10.1007/s10653-011-9409-z. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-011-9409-z.
Shilla, D., & Dativa, J. (2011). Speciation of heavy metals in sediments from the Scheldt estuary, Belgium. Chemistry and Ecology, 27(1), 69–79. Retrieved from http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/02757540.2010.529075.
Simpson, S. L., Batley, G. E., Chariton, A. A., Stauber, J. L., King, C. K., Chapman, J. C., Hyne, R. V., Gale, S. A., Roach, A. C., & Maher, W. A. (2005). Handbook for sediment quality assessment. Sydney: CSIRO.
Singh, M., Müller, G., & Singh, I. (2002). Heavy metals in freshly deposited stream sediments of rivers associated with urbanisation of the Ganga Plain, India. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 141(1-4), 35–54. Retrieved from http://gateway.library.qut.edu.au/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=2136852021&Fmt=7&clientId=14394&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Smedley, P. L. (2003). Arsenic in groundwater—south and east Asia. In Arsenic in ground water (pp. 179–209). Springer.
Sörme, L., & Lagerkvist, R. (2002). Sources of heavy metals in urban wastewater in Stockholm. The Science of the Total Environment, 298(1-3), 131–145. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V78-460M69M-1/2/a82988a42552500b7ab22cde8e5b10da.
Soto, M., Kortabitarte, M., & Marigomez, I. (1995). Bioavailable heavy metals in estuarine waters as assessed by metal/shell-weight indices in sentinel mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 125, 127–136.
Suh, J.-Y., Birch, G. F., Hughes, K., & Matthai, C. (2004). Spatial distribution and source of heavy metals in reclaimed lands of Homebush Bay: the venue of the 2000 Olympic Games, Sydney, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 51, 53–66.
Sundaray, S. K., Nayak, B. B., Lin, S., & Bhatta, D. (2011). Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments—a case study: Mahanadi basin, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186(2-3), 1837–1846. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TGF-51SFK50-4/2/776172e99ba423ec6ba663c1095df7ce.
Tam, N. F. Y., & Wong, Y. S. (2000). Spatial variation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Hong Kong mangrove swamps. Environmental Pollution, 110(2), 195–205. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VB5-40NFSK0-2/2/763ae34a64129eab55e3706e3995bef8.
Tang, W., Shan, B., Zhang, H., & Mao, Z. (2010). Heavy metal sources and associated risk in response to agricultural intensification in the estuarine sediments of Chaohu Lake Valley, East China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 176(1-3), 945–951. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TGF-4XVC4V9-1/2/eac92c2885871369bf47d694abc5da10.
Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51(7), 844–851. doi:10.1021/ac50043a017. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50043a017.
Thuong, N. T., Yoneda, M., Ikegami, M., & Takakura, M. (2013). Source discrimination of heavy metals in sediment and water of to Lich River in Hanoi City using multivariate statistical approaches. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(10), 8065–8075. doi:10.1007/s10661-013-3155-x. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512487.
Toffaletti, J. G. (2005). Trace elements. In M. L. Bishop, E. P. Fody, & L. E. Schoeff (Eds.), Clinical chemistry: principles, procedures, correlations (pp. 364–377). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Welch, A. H., & Stollenwerk, K. G. (2003). Arsenic in ground water. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Wen-qiang, W. (2008). Application of aggregative index number method in groundwater quality evaluation. Water Conservancy Science and Technology and Economy, 1, 022.
Wilber, W. G., & Hunter, J. V. (1979). The impact of urbanization on the distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Saddle River. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 15(3), 790–800. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1979.tb00397.x. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1979.tb00397.x.
Williamson, R. B., & Morrisey, D. J. (2000). Stormwater contamination of urban estuaries. 1. Predicting the build-up of heavy metals in sediments. Estuaries, 23(1), 56–66. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1353225.
Wright, P., & Mason, C. F. (1999). Spatial and seasonal variation in heavy metals in the sediments and biota of two adjacent estuaries, the Orwell and the Stour, in eastern England. The Science of the Total Environment, 226(2-3), 139–156. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V78-3WJ7RD9-5/2/8fd5ed8247f42153f463bd141525d510.
Zhang, W., Feng, H., Chang, J., Qu, J., Xie, H., & Yu, L. (2009). Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: an assessment from different indexes. Environmental Pollution, 157(5), 1533–1543.
Zhong, X.-L., Zhou, S.-L., Zhu, Q., & Zhao, Q.-G. (2011). Fraction distribution and bioavailability of soil heavy metals in the Yangtze River Delta—a case study of Kunshan City in Jiangsu Province, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 198, 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.003. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389411012313.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Brady, J.P., Ayoko, G.A., Martens, W.N. et al. Development of a hybrid pollution index for heavy metals in marine and estuarine sediments. Environ Monit Assess 187, 306 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4563-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4563-x