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Cl/Br mass ratio and water quality index from the Quaternary aquifer of south Bengal Basin in India

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify suitable areas for the exploitation of groundwater for human consumption by analysing Cl/Br and other indicators of wastewater influence on groundwater quality in and around the twin megacities of Kolkata and Howrah, located on the complex deltaic system of south Bengal Basin in India. About 18%, 56.5%, 28% and 35.5% of the 287 groundwater samples comply with the Indian acceptable limits (ALs) of TDS, Cl, Fe and Mn, respectively. About 29% of the 279 samples analysed have Cl/Br < 268 where the excess Br is derived from organic degradation. About 30% samples have Cl/Br > 308 clustering mainly around a palaeo-channel indicating wastewater contamination. In addition to these, many samples have NO3/Cl > 0.0002 and SO4/Cl > 0.014, indicating that the groundwater is contaminated by wastewater from sewage and septic tank leakage. The concentrations of metals (Fe, Mn) and As are also higher than AL particularly on either side of the palaeo-channel, which may affect the human body functions. The localised recharge of wastewater also contains high SO4. Sulphate reduction in the aquifer sequesters the As in groundwater into the neo-formed arsenopyrite. Based on the estimated water quality index, the groundwater samples have been classified into four types—highly suitable (28.17%), moderately suitable (23.94%), doubtful (15.85%) and unsuitable (32.04%) for drinking purpose. The first two types cover about 62% of the study area. But the highly urbanised area of Kolkata and Howrah city and the industrial areas in the southern fringe of Kolkata city have the latter two types of groundwater. The over-withdrawal of groundwater may expedite the quality deterioration of ‘highly and ‘moderately suitable water’ of the study area into ‘doubtful’ and ‘unsuitable for drinking’ categories through mixing mechanism in the aquifer.

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Data availability

Availability of data: Data available on request from the authors. Data availability statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request from the reviewers. However, the findings of this paper are part of the first author’s ‘PhD thesis’ which will be submitted in the coming few months.

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Acknowledgements

The authors convey their thanks to the Director, Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management (IISWBM) for providing the infrastructure for the research work. The authors are thankful to the Director of State Water Investigation Directorate, West Bengal; Kolkata Municipal Corporation; Aqua Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata; Pioneer Tubewells Industries Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata; Drilltech Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata; for sharing relevant hydrogeological and geological information for the research work. The authors acknowledge the help of Ritaban Mitra and Rohit Basu Dhar during the research work.

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  1. Department of Environment Management, Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, Kolkata, India

    Sumanta Banerjee & Pradip K. Sikdar

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  1. Sumanta Banerjee
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  2. Pradip K. Sikdar
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Data generation and processing, interpretation and writing of the paper have been carried out by Sumanta Banerjee. However, Prof. Sikdar (present guide of my ongoing PhD) has reviewed the paper critically at interpretation stage, presentation of the figures and several other aspects.

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Correspondence to Sumanta Banerjee.

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Banerjee, S., Sikdar, P.K. Cl/Br mass ratio and water quality index from the Quaternary aquifer of south Bengal Basin in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 55971–55989 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19758-y

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