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An emerging photocatalyst for wastewater remediation: a mini-review on CaCu3Ti4O12 photocatalysis

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Abstract

Ceramics-based filter for water treatment is an ancient technology to procure potable water at the household level. The traditional clay pots (vessels or hollow cylindrical container) have been used since long in the developing countries. The ceramic material (CaCu3Ti4O12 or CCTO) is a hetero-junction of titanium oxide, a well-known UV-active photocatalyst, and visible light absorbing CuO materials. This hetero-junction is able to overcome the limitations such as high bandgap, poor stability, low efficiency, and high photo-generated charge (e−/h+) recombination rate, associated with the other commonly used metal oxide semiconductor photocatalysts. Moreover, the low-cost, viable and facile synthesis routes for CCTO triggered its potential applications in photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic processes. This review will elaborate on the available literature demonstrating the visible light activity of CCTO photocatalysts in water treatment technologies. Furthermore, the mechanism of photocatalysis and synthesis routes are presented in this work for broader impact of the CCTO potential applications.

Graphical abstract

The extended porous character and excellent surface texture have made the ceramic materials as an ideal choice to combat the bacteria, pathogens and turbidity in aqueous medium at household level. Specifically, the controlled size and shape make the CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) an excellent visible light-driven photocatalyst, involving highly reactive species such as •OH, •O2− anions, h+, and e−, for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from water.

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Fig. 1
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Fig. 4

Reproduced with permission from Ref. (Hailili et al. 2018). (b) The CCTO photocatalytic mechanism and the formations of reactive species upon the absorption of light irradiation

Fig. 5

Reproduced with permission from Ref. (Hailili et al. 2018)

Fig. 6

Reproduced with permission from Ref. (Saqib, Adnan et al.)

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of University of Buner and Universiti Sains Malaysia. NS is thankful to the Department of Chemistry, University of Buner.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Buner, Buner, KP, Pakistan

    Najm Us Saqib

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Education Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Irfan Shah

  3. School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    Najm Us Saqib & Rohana Adnan

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  1. Najm Us Saqib
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  2. Irfan Shah
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  3. Rohana Adnan
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NS: conceptualization; investigation; formal analysis; data curation; writing, figures; original draft; and review and editing. IS: methodology, investigation, formal analysis review and editing. RA: conceptualization; data curation; investigation; review and editing.

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Correspondence to Rohana Adnan.

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Saqib, N.U., Shah, I. & Adnan, R. An emerging photocatalyst for wastewater remediation: a mini-review on CaCu3Ti4O12 photocatalysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 40403–40414 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19703-z

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