Abstract
This study shows the impact of risk (hazard, exposure, and vulnerability) and resilience (infrastructure, information and communication technology, institutional quality, food security, women empowerment, economic performance, human capital, emergency workforce, and social capital) indicators on losses due to natural disasters in 24 high-income, 24 upper-middle-income, 30 lower-middle-income, and 12 low-income countries from 1995 to 2019. It develops a new disaster risk index and disaster resilience index using standard index-making procedure (indicators selection, winsorization, normalization, aggregation). The generalized additive modeling was used to explore the non-linear relationship between response and explanatory variables. There exists a positive link between damage due to natural disasters and hazard index (all panels) and exposure index in high-income countries. The decrease in damage due to natural disasters was observed due to an increase in infrastructure (upper-middle-, lower-middle-, and low-income countries), information and communication technology (high-income countries), institutional quality (high-income countries), food security (high- and upper-middle-income countries), women empowerment (lower-middle-income countries), economic performance (high- and low-income countries), human capital (low-income countries), and emergency workforce (upper-middle and lower-middle-income countries). The governments should enhance disaster resilience through Sendai Framework, having seven targets and four priority areas to increase disaster resilience.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data will be available on request.
References
Abbas A, Amjath-Babu TS, Kächele H, Usman M, Iqbal MA, Arshad M, Shahid MA, Müller K (2018) Sustainable survival under climatic extremes: linking flood risk mitigation and coping with flood damages in rural Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:32491–32505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3203-8
Aghapour AH, Yazdani M, Jolai F, Mojtahedi M (2019) Capacity planning and reconfiguration for disaster-resilient health infrastructure. J Build Eng 26:100853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100853
Ahmad D, Afzal M (2021) Flood hazards, human displacement and food insecurity in rural riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan: policy implications. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:10125–10139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11430-7
Akaike H (1974a) A new look at the statistical model identification. In: Parzen E, Tanabe K, Kitagawa G (eds) Selected papers of Hirotugu Akaike. Springer Series in Statistics (Perspectives in Statistics). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1694-0_16
Akaike H (1974b) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Contr 19:716–723
Al-Maruf A (2017) Enhancing disaster resilience through human capital: prospects for adaptation to cyclones in coastal Bangladesh. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cologne, Germany
Alam K, Rahman MH (2017) Chapter 29: The role of women in disaster resilience. In Madu CN, Kuel C, Handbook of Disaster Risk Reduction & Management, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813207950_0029
Ali Q, Raza A, Saghir S, Khan MTI (2021a) Impact of wind speed and air pollution on COVID-19 transmission in Pakistan. Int J Environ Sci Technol 18:1287–1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03219-z
Ali Q, Yaseen MR, Anwar S, Makhdum MSA, Khan MTI (2021b) The impact of tourism, renewable energy, and economic growth on ecological footprint and natural resources: a panel data analysis. Resour Policy 74:102365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102365
Arouri M, Nguyen C, Youssef AB (2015) Natural disasters, household welfare, and resilience: evidence from rural Vietnam. World Dev 70:59–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.12.017
Ashmawy IKIM (2020) Stakeholder involvement in community resilience: evidence from Egypt. Environ Dev Sustain 23:7996–8011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00894-9
Aydin C, Tarhan C, Ozgur AS, Tecim V (2016) Improving disaster resilience using mobile based disaster management system. Proc Technol 22:382–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.01.027
Balaei B, Noy I, Wilkinson S, Potangaroa R (2021) Economic factors affecting water supply resilience to disasters. Socio-Econ Plan Sci 76:100961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100961
Becerra O, Cavallo E, Noy I (2014) Foreign aid in the aftermath of large natural disasters. Rev Dev Econ 18:445–460. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12095
Birkmann J (Ed.) (2006) Measuring vulnerability to promote disaster-resilient societies: conceptual frameworks and definitions. In Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards: towards disaster resilient societies. United Nations University, New York
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) (2021) EM-DAT The International Disaster Database. Institute Health and Society UClouvain, Belgium, www.emdat.be, Accessed on 01 April, 2021
Cimellaro GP, Renschler C, Reinhorn AM, Arendt L (2016) PEOPLES: A Framework for evaluating resilience. J Struct Eng 142:04016063. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001514
Cheng B, Ma Y, Feng F, Zhang Y, Shen J, Wang H, Guo Y, Cheng Y (2021) Influence of weather and air pollution on concentration change of PM2.5 using a generalized additive model and gradient boosting machine. Atmos Environ 255:118437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118437
Chun H, Chi S, Hwang B (2017) A spatial disaster assessment model of social resilience based on geographically weighted regression. Sustainability 9:2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122222
Cimellaro GP, Reinhorn AM, Bruneau M (2011) Performance-based metamodel for healthcare facilities. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 40:1197–1217. https://doi.org/10.1061/10.1002/eqe.1084
Davies TRH, Davies AJ (2018) Increasing communities’ resilience to disasters; an impact-based approach. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 31:742–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.07.026
Dhulipala S, Patil GR (2021) Freight production of agricultural commodities in India using multiple linear regression and generalized additive modelling. Transp Policy 97:245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.06.012
Dufty N (2012) Using social media to build community disaster resilience. Aust J Emerg Manag 27(1):40–45
Fallah-Aliabadi S, Ostadtaghizadeh A, Ardalan A, Fatemi F, Khazai B, Mirjalili MR (2020) Towards developing a model for the evaluation of hospital disaster resilience: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 20:64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-4915-2
Fekete A, Hufschmidt G, Kruse S (2014) Benefits and challenges of resilience and vulnerability for disaster risk management. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 5:3–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-014-0008-3
Firdhous MFM, Karuratane PM (2018) A model for enhancing the role of information and communication technologies for improving the resilience of rural communities to disasters. Procedia Eng 212:707–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.091
French EL, Birchall SJ, Landman K, Brown RD (2019) Designing public open space to support seismic resilience: A systematic review. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 34:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.11.001
Frisch R (1934) Statistical confluence analysis by means of complete regression systems (vol. 5). University Institute for Economics, Oslo, Norway
Gaiha R, Hill K, Thapa G (2010) Natural disasters in South Asia. ASARC Working Paper 2010/06, Australia South Asia Research Centre, The Australian National University, Australia
Gaillard J (2010) Vulnerability, capacity and resilience: perspectives for climate and development policy. J Int Dev 22:218–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1675
Global State of Democracy (GSD) (2021) World Bank. https://govdata360.worldbank.org/. Accessed on 01 August 2021
Goniewicz K, Goniewicz M, Burkle FM, Khorram-Manesh A (2020) The impact of experience, length of service, and workplace preparedness in physicians’ readiness in the response to disasters. J Clin Med 9:3328. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103328
Graveline N, Grémont M (2017) Measuring and understanding the microeconomic resilience of businesses to lifeline service interruptions due to natural disasters. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 24:526–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.05.012
Habiba U, Abedin MA, Shaw R (2016) Chapter 6: Food security, climate change adaptation, and disaster risk. In: Uitto JI, Shaw R (Eds.). Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Reduction. Disaster Risk Reduction (Methods, Approaches and Practices). Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55078-5_1
Haen HD, Hemrich G (2007) The economics of natural disasters: implications and challenges for food security. Agri Econ 37:31–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2007.00233.x
Hastie T, Tibshirani R (1987) Generalized additive models: Some applications. J Am Stat Assoc 82:371–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1987.10478440
Hastie TJ, Tibshirani RJ (1990) Generalized additive models, first ed. Chapman and Hall/CRC
Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Friedman J (2001) The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction, Second. Springer-Verlag New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84858-7
Hoffmann R, Blecha D (2020) Education and disaster vulnerability in Southeast Asia: evidence and policy implications. Sustainability 12:1401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041401
International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2021) International Monetary Fund, http://data.imf.org/?sk=F8032E80-B36C-43B1-AC26-493C5B1CD33B. Accessed on 01 Aug 2021
James G, Witten D, Hastie T, Tibshirani R (2013) An introduction to statistical learning with applications in R, First ed. Springer-Verlag New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7138-7
Jiang H, Yu Y, Chen MM, Huang W (2021) The climate change vulnerability of China: spatial evolution and driving factors. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:39757–39768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13513-5
Joerin J, Shaw R, Takeuchi Y, Krishnamurthy R (2014) The adoption of a climate disaster resilience index in Chennai, India. Disasters 38:540–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12058
Johannessen A, Rosemarin A, Thomalla F, Swartling AG, Stenström TA, Vulturius G (2014) Strategies for building resilience to hazards in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems: the role of public private partnerships. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 10:102–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.07.002
Kapucu N, Hawkins CV, Rivera FI (2013) Disaster preparedness and resilience for rural communities. Risk Hazards Crisis Public Policy 4:215–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12043
Kocsis T, Anda A (2018) Parametric or non-parametric: analysis of rainfall time series at a Hungarian meteorological station. Q J Hungarian Meteorol Serv 122(2):203–216. https://doi.org/10.28974/idojaras.2018.2.6
Kontokosta CE, Malik A (2018) The resilience to emergencies and disasters index: applying big data to benchmark and validate neighborhood resilience capacity. Sustain Cities Soc 36:272–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.10.025
Krishnan S, Twigg J (2020) Role of local actors in WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) during disaster recovery: policy implications from evidence in Odisha. India Environ Hazards 19(4):341–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2019.1667290
Lin T (2015) Governing natural disasters: State capacity, democracy, and human vulnerability. Soc Forces 93(3):1267–1300. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou104
Lin X, Liao Y, Hao YT (2018) The burden associated with ambient PM2.5 and meteorological factors in Guangzhou, China, 2012–2016: a generalized additive modeling of temporal years of life lost. Chemosphere 212:705–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.129
Liu B, Han S, Gong H, Zhou Z, Zhang D (2020) Disaster resilience assessment based on the spatial and temporal aggregation effects of earthquake-induced hazards. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:29055–29067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09281-3
Ludin SM, Rohaizat M, Arbon P (2019) The association between social cohesion and community disaster resilience: a cross-sectional study. Health Soc Care Community 27(3):621–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12674
Ma Y, Ma B, Jiao H, Zhang Y, Xin J, Yu Z (2020) An analysis of the effects of weather and air pollution on tropospheric ozone using a generalized additive model in Western China: Lanzhou, Gansu. Atmos Environ 224:117342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117342
Malik MB (2017) Weighted inspection sampling methods based on winsorization. Q Manag J 24(1):37–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2017.11918499
Moreno J, Shaw D (2018) Women’s empowerment following disaster: a longitudinal study of social change. Nat Hazards 92:205–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3204-4
Mulyasari F, Shaw R (2013) Role of women as risk communicators to enhance disaster resilience of Bandung, Indonesia. Nat Hazards 69:2137–2160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0798-4
Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) (2021) University of Notre Dame, https://gain.nd.edu/. Accessed on 01 Aug 2021
Noy I (2009) The macroeconomic consequences of disasters. J Dev Econ 88(2):221–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.02.005
Noy I, Yonson R (2018) Economic vulnerability and resilience to natural hazards: a survey of concepts and measurements. Sustainability 10:2850. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082850
Padli J, Habibullah MS (2009) Natural disaster and socio-economic factors in selected Asian countries: a panel analysis. Asian Soc Sci 5(4):65–71. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v5n4p65
Padli J, Habibullah MS, Baharom AH (2018) The impact of human development on natural disaster fatalities and damage: panel data evidence. Econ Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1504689
Pal I, Ghosh T, Ghosh C (2017) Institutional framework and administrative systems for effective disaster risk governance-perspectives of 2013 cyclone Phailin in India. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 21:350–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.01.002
Panwar V, Sen S (2019) Economic impact of natural disasters: an empirical re-examination. Margin J Appl Econ Res 13(1):109–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973801018800087
Persson TA, Povitkina M (2017) “Gimme Shelter”: The role of democracy and institutional quality in disaster preparedness. Political Res Q: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917716335
Pingali P, Alinovi L, Sutton J (2005) Food security in complex emergencies: enhancing food system resilience. Disasters 29(S1):S5–S24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0361-3666.2005.00282.x
Qin Y, Shi X, Li X, Yan J (2021) Geographical indication agricultural products, livelihood capital, and resilience to meteorological disasters: evidence from kiwifruit farmers in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:65832–65847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15547-1
Qureshi MI, Yusoff RM, Hishan SS, Alam ASAF, Zaman K, Rasli AM (2019) Natural disasters and Malaysian economic growth: policy reforms for disasters management. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:15496–15509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04866-z
R Core Team (2018) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
Rahman MH (2018) Earthquakes don’t kill, built environment does: evidence from cross country data. Econ Model 70:458–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.08.027
Rajkovich NB, Okour Y (2019) Climate change resilience strategies for the building sector: examining existing domains of resilience utilized by design professionals. Sustainability 11:2888. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102888
Ravindra K, Rattan P, Mor S, Aggarwal AN (2019) Generalized additive models: building evidence of air pollution, climate change and human health. Environ Int 132:104987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104987
Raza A, Khan MTI, Ali Q, Hussain T, Narjis S (2020) Association between meteorological indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11203-2
Rose A (2004) Defining and measuring economic resilience to disasters. Disaster Prev Manag 13:307–314. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560410556528
Rose A (2007) Economic resilience to natural and man-made disasters: multidisciplinary origins and contextual dimensions. Environ Hazards 7:383–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envhaz.2007.10.001
Ruszczyk HA, Upadhyay BK, Kwong YM, Khanal O, Bracken LJ, Pandit S, Bastola R (2020) Empowering women through participatory action research in community-based disaster risk reduction efforts. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 51:101763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101763
Sarker MNI, Peng Y, Yiran C, Shouse RC (2020) Disaster resilience through big data: way to environmental sustainability. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 51:101769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101769
Schumacher I, Strobl E (2011) Economic development and losses due to natural disasters: The role of hazard exposure. Ecol Econ 72:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.09.002
Shi Y, Sun J (2021) The influence of neighboring jurisdictions matters: examining the impact of natural disasters on local government fiscal accounts. Public Finance Rev 49(3):435–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/10911421211025740
Silverman BW (1985) Some aspects of the spline smoothing approach to nonparametric regression curve fitting. J R Stat Soc Series B Methodol 47(1): 1–52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2345542. Accessed 16 July 2021
Smith G, Martin A, Wenger DE (2018) Disaster recovery in an era of climate change: the unrealized promise of institutional resilience. In: Rodríguez H, Donner W, Trainor J (Eds). Handbook of Disaster Research. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_28
Songwathana K (2018) The relationship between natural disaster and economic development: a panel data analysis. Procedia Eng 212:1068–1074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.138
Song J, Huang B, Li R (2017) Measuring recovery to build up metrics of flood resilience based on pollutant discharge data: A case study in East China. Water 9: 619. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080619
Story WT, Tura H, Rubin J, Engidawork B, Ahmed A, Jundi F, Iddosa T, Abrha TH (2018) Social capital and disaster preparedness in Oromia, Ethiopia: an evaluation of the “Women Empowered” approach. Soc Sci Med 257:111907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.027
Svirydzenka K (2016) Introducing a new broad-based index of financial development. IMF Working Paper No. WP/16/5. Strategy, Policy, and Review Department, Washington, D.C., the United States
Swathi JM, González MA, Delgado RC (2017) Disaster management and primary health care: implications for medical education. Int J Med Edu 8:414–415. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5a07.1e1b
Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Yoshino N, Mortha A, Sarker T (2019) Quality infrastructure and natural disaster resiliency. ADBI Working Paper Series No. 991. Asian Development Bank Institute, Japan. https://www.adb.org/publications/quality-infrastructure-and-natural-disaster-resiliency. Accessed 25 June 2021
Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Sarker T, Yoshino N, Mortha A, Vo XV (2021) Quality infrastructure and natural disaster resiliency: a panel analysis of Asia and the Pacific. Econ Anal Policy 69:394–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.12.021
Tammar A, Abosuliman SS, Rahaman KR (2020) Social capital and disaster resilience nexus: a study of flash flood recovery in Jeddah city. Sustainability 12:4668. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114668
Tanesab JP (2020) Institutional effectiveness and inclusions: public perceptions on Indonesia’s disaster management authorities. Int J Disaster Manag 3(2):1–15. https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v3i2.17621
Tarhan C, Aydin C, Tecim V (2016) How can be disaster resilience built with using sustainable development? Procedia Soc Behav Sci 216:452–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.059
Thompson CG, Kim RS, Aloe AM, Becker BJ (2017) Extracting the variance inflation factor and other multicollinearity diagnostics from typical regression results. Basic Appl Soc Psych 39(2):81–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2016.1277529
Thywissen K (2006) Core terminology of disaster reduction. In Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards: towards disaster resilient societies; Birkmann J (Ed.). United Nations University, New York
The Climate Change Knowledge Portal (TCCKP) (2021) The World Bank Group, https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/download-data. Accessed on 15 May 2021
The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) (2015) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. UNISDR/GE/2015-ICLUX EN5000 (1st Ed.) 9–11 Rue de Varembé, CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.undrr.org. Accessed 20 June 2021
The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) (2019) Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction 2019. 9–11 Rue de Varembé, CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland. https://gar.undrr.org. Accessed 20 June 2021
The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) (2021) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. The Disaster Information Management System (DesInventar), https://www.desinventar.net/index.html. Accessed on 01 April 2021
Toya H, Skidmore M (2007) Economic development and the impact of natural disasters. Econ Lett 94:20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.06.020
Trinh TA, Feeny S, Posso A (2021) The impact of natural disasters and climate change on agriculture: findings from Vietnam. Econ Effects Nat Disasters Theor Found Methods Tools: 261-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817465-4.00017-0
Tselios V, Tompkins E (2017) Local government, political decentralisation and resilience to natural hazard-associated disasters. Environ Hazards 16(3):228–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2016.1277967
Tselios V, Tompkins EL (2019) What causes nations to recover from disasters? An inquiry into the role of wealth, income inequality, and social welfare provisioning. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 33:162–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.10.003
Wahid NAA, Suhaila J, Rahman HA (2021) Effect of climate factors on the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Malaysia: A generalized additive mixed model. Infect Dis Model 6:997–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2021.08.003
Westervelt DM, Horowitz LW, Naik V, Tai APK, Fiore AM, Mauzerall DL (2016) Quantifying PM2.5 meteorology sensitivities in a global climate model. Atmos Environ 142:43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.07.040
Wood SN (2017) Generalized additive models: an introduction with R, second ed. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group
World Development Indicators (WDI) (2021) World Bank. http://databank.worldbank.org. Accessed on 01 April 2021
World Governance Indicators (WGI) (2021) World Bank. https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/Reports Accessed on 20 March 2021
World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) Water and sanitation for health facility improvement tool (WASH FIT), Geneva, Switzerland
World Inequality Database (WID) (2021) World Inequality Lab. https://wid.world/data/. Accessed on 15 July 2021
Yee TW, Mitchell ND (1991) Generalized additive models in plant ecology. J Veg Sci 2:587–602. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236170
Zhai S, Jacob DJ, Wang X, Shen L, Li K, Zhang Y, Gui K, Zhao T, Liao H (2019) Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) trends in China, 2013–2018: separating contributions from anthropogenic emissions and meteorology. Atmos Chem Phy 19:11031–11040. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11031-2019
Zhang D, Managi S (2020) Financial development, natural disasters, and economics of the Pacific small island states. Econ Anal Policy 66:168–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.04.003
Acknowledgements
The authors of the publication would like to express their gratitude to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters – CRED, Belgium for the provision of access to EM-DAT.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Muhammad Tariq Iqbal Khan: Conceptualization, methodology, software. Sofia Anwar: Data curation, writing—original draft preparation. Zahira Batool: Writing—reviewing and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
Table 9
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, M.T.I., Anwar, S. & Batool, Z. The role of infrastructure, socio-economic development, and food security to mitigate the loss of natural disasters. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 52412–52437 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19293-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19293-w