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Occurrence of heavy metals and their removal in Perna viridis mussels using chemical methods: a review

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Abstract

Despite the nutritional benefits, bivalves like mussels are also an excellent aquatic heavy metal biomonitoring agent due to their high tolerance to varying levels of temperature, salinity and oxygen, as well as pollutants. Although the accumulated toxic heavy metals may not exert direct negative impacts on the mussels, such toxicants in mussel tissues can give harmful effects on human body when consumed in toxic quantities and/or over prolonged period. The booming of urban and industrial activities, and consequently the increment of runoffs, as well as wastewater effluents and leaching, further exacerbated the magnitude of this issue. Hence, continuous monitoring of heavy metal contents in mussels is vital to ensure its compliance with food safety regulations, protecting consumers at large. This review paper discusses the occurrence of heavy metals in mussels especially that of Perna viridis in Malaysia and other parts of the world since year 2000 until 2021. Heavy metal concentration data and patterns from various coastal and/or estuaries were compared. Where applicable, statistical data that indicate variations between sampling sites, sampling months or years and chemical treatments for heavy metal removal were critically reviewed. Health risk assessment findings were also discussed. More importantly, related chemical-based interventions to minimize and/or eliminate toxic heavy metals from mussels are also reviewed.

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Funding

We are grateful for the financial support of the work by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia via Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Fundamental Research grant (UTMFR, Q.J130000.2554.20H98, reference number PY/2019/02057) and UTMShine grant (Q.J130000.2454.09G30, reference number PY/2020/03555).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, Malaysia

    Timothy Gandu Ali, Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon & Naji Arafat Mahat

  2. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1061, Zaria , Kaduna State, Nigeria

    Timothy Gandu Ali

  3. Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, Malaysia

    Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon & Naji Arafat Mahat

  4. Centre of Research for Fiqh Forensics and Judiciary, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

    Naji Arafat Mahat

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  1. Timothy Gandu Ali
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TAG reviewed the collected papers and wrote the main content of the manuscript. NAM contributed to the conception and design of the work, wrote the Introduction and Outlook of the review paper, as well as the approval of the final version. ASAK is the corresponding author who drafted the framework of the review paper and critically revised students’ writing on important intellectual content.

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Correspondence to Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon or Naji Arafat Mahat.

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Ali, T.G., Abdul Keyon, A.S. & Mahat, N.A. Occurrence of heavy metals and their removal in Perna viridis mussels using chemical methods: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 4803–4821 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17343-3

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