Abstract
The quality of the water consumed by a given community is related to its quality of life. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate, from the perspective of health risk, the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality of drinking water, in a quilombola community, and the qualitative aspects intrinsic to its use and storage. For this, water samples, collected at the exits of the collective water supply system and from eight cisterns that store rainwater, used for human consumption, were analyzed. The samples were subjected to physical, chemical, and microbiological analysis, including adenovirus (HAdV) and enterovirus (EV). The probability of an individual acquiring infection through water consumption was determined by quantitative microbiological risk analysis using HAdV and Escherichia coli (EC) as reference pathogens. The results showed that the water in the deep tubular well had 270.8 mg/L of total hardness, leading to the rejection of its consumption by ingestion. Alternativity, the people in the community consume rainwater stored in cisterns. For this type of water, the presence of heterotrophic bacteria was found in 75%, total coliform was present in 100%, and Enterococci were detected in 25%. Furthermore, EC was present in 25%, EV in 50%, and HAdV in 100% of the samples. The probability of annual infection with HAdV and EC was, in the worst situation, 100% and 1.3%, respectively. Regarding the qualitative and quantitative aspects, there was a significant positive correlation between the absence of EC and the withdrawal of water from the cistern using a pump and the opposite when the withdrawal was carried out using a bucket or hose. Based on the results found, it is important to carry out actions aimed at improving water quality and, consequently, the quality of life of people living in the study community.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Professor Dr. Fernando Rosado Spilki at FEEVALE University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, for providing the viral controls used in this research. Also, the authors would like to thank Gabrielle do Vale for providing the Extrema community map.
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We thank the National Health Foundation (FUNASA) for their financial support, through the project entitled: Sanitation and Environmental Health in Rural and Traditional Communities in Goiás (SanRural) - TED 05.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The experimental data related to quality of water (chemical and microbiologic analysis) were developed by EFMG, FSL, PNA, and LCC. Analyses of clinical material were developed by FSF. HTLL presented the results regarding the sanitation and conditions of the cisterns. The statical data was performed by LRFB. The risk analysis was discussed by YPR and NRB. The first draft of the manuscript was written by PSS who worked on all parts of the article throughout its development. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript, read, and approved the final manuscript.
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Scalize, P.S., Gabriel, E.F.M., Lima, F.S. et al. Physicochemical, microbiological quality, and risk assessment of water consumed by a quilombola community in midwestern Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 35941–35957 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13146-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13146-8