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A review on current techniques used in India for rice mill wastewater treatment and emerging techniques with valuable by-products

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Abstract

Parboiling rice mills produce a large amount of wastewater. The effluent from the rice mill contains high concentration of organic and inorganic compounds. Continuous discharge of this wastewater from rice mills could be a major cause of eutrophication of the water bodies, leading to a robust and undesirable growth of vegetation and algal bloom. Eutrophication leads to deoxygenation of water bodies, resulting in the mortality of aquatic flora and fauna. It is therefore very important to treat wastewater and ensure safe disposal. There are various types of processes already in existence, but the most important thing is to select a cost-effective technique. Phytoremediation technique has shown promising results for low-income countries like India. It is useful for the small-scale industrial and domestic wastewater treatment. It is a slow process, requiring a large area of land. It is an eco-friendly approach and ideal for rural areas where there is ample land availability. This paper addresses the techniques used by various researchers for rice mill wastewater treatment and also focuses on reusing and recycling of waste from rice mills. The performance of every technique is discussed in detail with its specific advantages and disadvantages. This paper also focuses on the advanced techniques of water treatment with valuable by-products such as silica, activated adsorbent, electricity and methane gas.

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Data availability

Not applicable.

Change history

  • 23 January 2021

    Layout correction

Abbreviations

% :

percentage

°C :

degree centigrade

A:

ampere

cm :

centimetre

d:

day

DC:

direct current

EC:

electric conductivity

ETP:

effluent treatment plant

Fe:

iron

g :

gramme

g/l :

grammes per litre

Hg:

mercury

KJ/mol:

kilojoules per mole

mg/g :

milligrammes per gramme

mg/l :

milligramme per litre

ml :

millilitre

pH:

potential of hydrogen

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India

    Suresh Kumar & Surinder Deswal

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Kumar, S., Deswal, S. A review on current techniques used in India for rice mill wastewater treatment and emerging techniques with valuable by-products. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 7652–7668 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11898-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11898-3

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