Abstract
The present study evaluated the influence of land use and occupation on water quality indices (WQI); the WQI developed by the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), the WQI adapted by the Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), WQI proposed by Bascarón and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) WQI, obtained for watersheds located in the Eastern Water Planning and Management Region (BA). The study also analyzed the divergences and similarities of these WQI methods. Water quality data were obtained from the Monitoring Program (Monitora) of Environment and Water Resources Institute of Bahia (INEMA), covering the period from 2008 to 2015, at thirteen (13) sampling sites, with quarterly collections, as well as land use and occupation data. The influence of land use and occupation on water quality indices was assessed by principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA showed that urban and agricultural/pasture areas were influencing factors on water quality variables, such as total phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, turbidity total residues and consequently lower WQI values in the Cachoeira watershed. Among the tested methods to evaluate the water quality of watersheds in the study area, the most similar were the NSF WQI, CETESB WQI, and Objective Bascarón WQI.
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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB) and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
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This research was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) Finance Code 001.
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Olandia Ferreira Lopes set up the experiments and wrote the paper. This work is resulting from the doctoral thesis of that author. Other authors had effective and significant contributions: Raildo Mota de Jesus was the supervisor of the work; therefore, he made relevant contributions in the entire process of elaboration and execution of the manuscript, as well as Felizardo Adenilson Rocha who acted as co-supervisor; Lucas Farias de Sousa had very relevant participation in writing, formatting, and submission; Andrique Figueiredo Amorim played a role of great importance in all monitoring and execution of NSF WQI and CETESB WQI calculations; Daniela Mariano Lopes da Silva acted significantly in the revision of writing, as well as statistics and with unique contributions to the execution and improvement of the manuscript; Vinnicius Henrique Cerqueira da Silva assisted in formatting and reviewing the final version; Julio Alejandro Navoni played a very important role in reviewing all statistics and suggestions for improving the work.
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Lopes, O.F., de Jesus, R.M., de Sousa, L.F. et al. Comparison between water quality indices in watersheds of the Southern Bahia (Brazil) with different land use. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 12944–12959 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10941-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10941-7